{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2957472438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","title":"Detection Threshold for TVWS Spectrum Occupancy Determination in Urban Environments in Kosovo","display_name":"Detection Threshold for TVWS Spectrum Occupancy Determination in Urban Environments in Kosovo","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2957472438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","mag":"2957472438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023783405","display_name":"Zana Limani Fazliu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78768387","display_name":"University of Prishtina","ror":"https://ror.org/05t3p2g92","country_code":"XK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}],"countries":["XK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zana Limani Fazliu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085703788","display_name":"H\u00ebna Maloku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3237-0906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78768387","display_name":"University of Prishtina","ror":"https://ror.org/05t3p2g92","country_code":"XK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}],"countries":["XK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hena Maloku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084993062","display_name":"Albina Mekuli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78768387","display_name":"University of Prishtina","ror":"https://ror.org/05t3p2g92","country_code":"XK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}],"countries":["XK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albina Mekuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012135773","display_name":"Mimoza Ibrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-3655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78768387","display_name":"University of Prishtina","ror":"https://ror.org/05t3p2g92","country_code":"XK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}],"countries":["XK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mimoza Ibrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51871022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"157","last_page":"162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-spaces","display_name":"White spaces","score":0.9184923768043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-frequency","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","score":0.7625265121459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.734920859336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6893550157546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5001821517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.4832926094532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4409739673137665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4182872772216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4006879925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.31549763679504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2999369502067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10830935835838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10310277342796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10170277953147888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96391052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256313","display_name":"White spaces","level":4,"score":0.9184923768043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96122199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628096","display_name":"Ultra high frequency","level":2,"score":0.7625265121459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.734920859336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6893550157546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5001821517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.4832926094532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4409739673137665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4182872772216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4006879925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.31549763679504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2999369502067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10830935835838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10310277342796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10170277953147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2019.8756970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056762649","https://openalex.org/W2090278335","https://openalex.org/W2098777482","https://openalex.org/W2147713024","https://openalex.org/W2154310796","https://openalex.org/W2155999145","https://openalex.org/W2382455329","https://openalex.org/W2908596723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994734174","https://openalex.org/W2130939821","https://openalex.org/W1965828021","https://openalex.org/W2229545378","https://openalex.org/W2065792381","https://openalex.org/W88773426","https://openalex.org/W2111066923","https://openalex.org/W1818630290","https://openalex.org/W2185800257","https://openalex.org/W1971967461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"known":[2],"that":[3,78],"determination":[4],"of":[5,13,33,69,74,87,116,156,178],"TV":[6,88,117],"white":[7],"space":[8],"(TVWS)":[9],"availability,":[10],"in":[11,40,43,52,114],"absence":[12],"geo-location":[14],"databases,":[15],"can":[16],"be":[17,137],"based":[18],"on":[19,37],"sensing":[20,162],"and":[21,55,119,150,167],"applying":[22],"a":[23,80,152,169],"detection":[24,86,180],"threshold.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper":[28],"we":[29,130,159],"assess":[30],"the":[31,53,72,99,104,108,126,148,176,179],"availability":[32,144],"TVWS":[34,100],"spectrum,":[35],"using":[36,79],"site":[38],"measurements":[39],"urban":[41],"environment":[42],"Kosovo,":[44],"obtained":[45],"with":[46],"NARDA":[47],"SRM":[48],"3006":[49],"spectrum":[50,101,143,157],"analyzer":[51],"UHF":[54],"VHF":[56],"bands.":[57],"The":[58],"measurement":[59],"locations":[60],"are":[61],"chosen":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64],"to":[65,122,125,136,174],"represent":[66],"various":[67],"types":[68],"environments":[70],"within":[71],"city":[73],"Prishtina.":[75],"Results":[76],"show":[77],"fixed":[81],"low":[82],"threshold":[83,109],"setting":[84,107],"for":[85,142,164],"signal":[89],"presence,":[90],"i.e.,":[91],"-95":[92],"dBm":[93],"or":[94],"lower,":[95],"may":[96,112],"heavily":[97],"underestimate":[98],"potential.":[102],"On":[103],"other":[105],"hand,":[106],"too":[110],"high":[111],"result":[113],"misdetection":[115],"broadcasting,":[118],"potentially":[120],"lead":[121],"harmful":[123],"interference":[124],"primary":[127],"user.":[128],"Thus,":[129],"propose":[131],"an":[132],"adjustable":[133],"threshold-sensing":[134],"algorithm":[135],"implemented":[138],"during":[139],"data":[140],"processing":[141],"determination.":[145],"To":[146],"improve":[147],"accuracy":[149],"have":[151],"more":[153],"reliable":[154],"picture":[155],"occupancy,":[158],"apply":[160],"different":[161,165],"thresholds":[163],"channels":[166],"use":[168],"double":[170],"adaptive":[171],"thresholding":[172],"technique":[173],"enhance":[175],"performance":[177],"mechanism.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}