{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208799718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","title":"Over-the-Air Aggregation for Federated Learning: Waveform Superposition and Prototype Validation","display_name":"Over-the-Air Aggregation for Federated Learning: Waveform Superposition and Prototype Validation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208799718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","mag":"3208799718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178728","display_name":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks","issn_l":"2096-1081","issn":["2096-1081","2509-3312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086975253","display_name":"Huayan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8419-150X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huayan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103007367","display_name":"Yifan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6718-7787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103040477","display_name":"Haoyu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-9010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073153992","display_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7769-6008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007131492","display_name":"Kaibin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaibin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100637082","display_name":"Xiaofan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-5569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105182","display_name":"Zhuhai People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01k1x3b35","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105182"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105182","https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021338255","display_name":"Huabin Nong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huabin Nong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101976106","display_name":"Mingyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-4976"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baicells Technologies Co. Ltd., Beijing 100000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baicells Technologies Co. Ltd., Beijing 100000, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086975253"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7799,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94365872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"429","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7773396372795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7525477409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.5561025142669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-frequency-offset","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","score":0.5521074533462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5192739963531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4689939320087433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.4655965268611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45928502082824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.438156396150589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3867897093296051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35504475235939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-offset","display_name":"Frequency offset","score":0.34229499101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32200172543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20595654845237732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19945108890533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10843679308891296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7773396372795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7525477409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.5561025142669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776108382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25111451","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","level":5,"score":0.5521074533462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5192739963531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4689939320087433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.4655965268611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45928502082824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.438156396150589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3867897093296051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35504475235939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.34229499101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32200172543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20595654845237732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19945108890533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10843679308891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jcin.2021.9663107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178728","display_name":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks","issn_l":"2096-1081","issn":["2096-1081","2509-3312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-117153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-117153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-117153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-117153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116612304","https://openalex.org/W2139787801","https://openalex.org/W2145732734","https://openalex.org/W2155485201","https://openalex.org/W2320606687","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2769644379","https://openalex.org/W2783692949","https://openalex.org/W2803956200","https://openalex.org/W2861117319","https://openalex.org/W2907379776","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2920095265","https://openalex.org/W2963664311","https://openalex.org/W2964267428","https://openalex.org/W2969343398","https://openalex.org/W2969750416","https://openalex.org/W2975156709","https://openalex.org/W2981138228","https://openalex.org/W3006919779","https://openalex.org/W3036822879","https://openalex.org/W3037582816","https://openalex.org/W3059999910","https://openalex.org/W3080771413","https://openalex.org/W3088234149","https://openalex.org/W3089655738","https://openalex.org/W3090615085","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3111182214","https://openalex.org/W3126228234","https://openalex.org/W3129046134","https://openalex.org/W3144754116","https://openalex.org/W3181372869","https://openalex.org/W3185703005","https://openalex.org/W4294106961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811018130","https://openalex.org/W2353174516","https://openalex.org/W2084596746","https://openalex.org/W2355510615","https://openalex.org/W2910430232","https://openalex.org/W2394449677","https://openalex.org/W2090297321","https://openalex.org/W2956901120","https://openalex.org/W2925373386","https://openalex.org/W2129670501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,19,74],"this":[1,47],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,80,112],"develop":[4,113],"an":[5,34],"orthogonal":[6],"frequency-division":[7],"multiplexing":[8],"(OFDM)-based":[9],"over-the-air":[10],"(OTA)":[11],"aggregation":[12,150],"solution":[13,151],"for":[14,103],"wireless":[15,44],"federated":[16],"learning":[17,158],"(FL).":[18],"particular,":[20],"the":[21,42,54,62,99,104,109,134,139,147],"local":[22],"gradients":[23],"in":[24],"massive":[25],"Internet":[26],"of":[27,64],"things":[28],"(IoT)":[29],"devices":[30],"are":[31,38],"modulated":[32],"by":[33],"analog":[35],"waveform":[36,51,84],"and":[37,69,96,101,117],"then":[39,97],"transmitted":[40],"using":[41],"same":[43],"resources.":[45],"To":[46],"end,":[48],"achieving":[49],"perfect":[50],"superposition":[52],"is":[53,58],"key":[55],"challenge,":[56],"which":[57,126],"difficult":[59],"due":[60],"to":[61,76,120,132,156],"existence":[63],"frame":[65],"timing":[66],"offset":[67,72],"(TO)":[68],"carrier":[70],"frequency":[71],"(CFO).":[73],"order":[75],"address":[77],"these":[78],"issues,":[79],"propose":[81],"a":[82,88,114,122,128],"two-stage":[83],"pre-equalization":[85],"technique":[86],"with":[87,138,160],"customized":[89],"multiple":[90],"access":[91],"protocol":[92],"that":[93,146],"can":[94,152],"estimate":[95],"mitigate":[98],"TO":[100],"CFO":[102],"OTA":[105,149],"aggregation.":[106],"Based":[107],"on":[108],"proposed":[110,148],"solution,":[111],"hardware":[115],"transceiver":[116],"application":[118],"software":[119],"train":[121],"real-world":[123],"FL":[124],"task,":[125],"learns":[127],"deep":[129],"neural":[130],"network":[131],"predict":[133],"received":[135],"signal":[136],"strength":[137],"global":[140],"positioning":[141],"system":[142],"information.":[143],"Experiments":[144],"verify":[145],"achieve":[153],"comparable":[154],"performance":[155],"offline":[157],"procedures":[159],"high":[161],"prediction":[162],"accuracy.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
