{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396814897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","title":"Power Consumption Trends in Supercomputers: A Study of NERSC's Cori and Perlmutter Machines","display_name":"Power Consumption Trends in Supercomputers: A Study of NERSC's Cori and Perlmutter Machines","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396814897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/isc.2024.10528943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10528919/10528920/10528943.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISC High Performance 2024 Research Paper Proceedings (39th International Conference)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10528919/10528920/10528943.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027873775","display_name":"Ermal Rrapaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151627","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123843","display_name":"Advanced Technologies Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359sgh16","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ermal Rrapaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057716533","display_name":"Sridutt Bhalachandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5683"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sridutt Bhalachandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102772168","display_name":"Z. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151627","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123843","display_name":"Advanced Technologies Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359sgh16","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengji Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055945855","display_name":"Brian Austin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5881-1927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151627","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123843","display_name":"Advanced Technologies Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359sgh16","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Austin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082507303","display_name":"Hai Ah Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-6286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123843","display_name":"Advanced Technologies Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359sgh16","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151627","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Ah Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070066590","display_name":"Nicholas J. Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151627","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123843","display_name":"Advanced Technologies Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359sgh16","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas J. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC),Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Group (NERSC), Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027873775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4210123843","https://openalex.org/I4210151627"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9596733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.8051302433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7029362320899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5475288033485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5046426057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.4663037061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4586498737335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.44060489535331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3455306589603424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.340365469455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3262649178504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11683797836303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.07862317562103271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.8051302433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7029362320899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5475288033485413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5046426057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.4663037061691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4586498737335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.44060489535331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3455306589603424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.340365469455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3262649178504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11683797836303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.07862317562103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10528919/10528920/10528943.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISC High Performance 2024 Research Paper Proceedings (39th International Conference)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/isc.2024.10528943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10528919/10528920/10528943.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISC High Performance 2024 Research Paper Proceedings (39th International Conference)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396814897.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182691100","https://openalex.org/W208014797","https://openalex.org/W1570056235","https://openalex.org/W1596936080","https://openalex.org/W1628605343","https://openalex.org/W1669896463","https://openalex.org/W1973923004","https://openalex.org/W1977661221","https://openalex.org/W1977708713","https://openalex.org/W1983313242","https://openalex.org/W1990846311","https://openalex.org/W2007837336","https://openalex.org/W2009163448","https://openalex.org/W2018082372","https://openalex.org/W2019675177","https://openalex.org/W2031136586","https://openalex.org/W2032488359","https://openalex.org/W2033637296","https://openalex.org/W2038924755","https://openalex.org/W2044845028","https://openalex.org/W2048085362","https://openalex.org/W2055120155","https://openalex.org/W2056322992","https://openalex.org/W2078457421","https://openalex.org/W2083334646","https://openalex.org/W2086036443","https://openalex.org/W2093188697","https://openalex.org/W2108213917","https://openalex.org/W2111490460","https://openalex.org/W2119819594","https://openalex.org/W2120047635","https://openalex.org/W2124853018","https://openalex.org/W2125904114","https://openalex.org/W2135791452","https://openalex.org/W2140179600","https://openalex.org/W2140440478","https://openalex.org/W2143011780","https://openalex.org/W2143624342","https://openalex.org/W2143665235","https://openalex.org/W2144034023","https://openalex.org/W2153478340","https://openalex.org/W2165069655","https://openalex.org/W2293760502","https://openalex.org/W2520392140","https://openalex.org/W2725429285","https://openalex.org/W2733949682","https://openalex.org/W2747897066","https://openalex.org/W2766457770","https://openalex.org/W2787719654","https://openalex.org/W2887178245","https://openalex.org/W2963251898","https://openalex.org/W2966193298","https://openalex.org/W2971469712","https://openalex.org/W3209605437","https://openalex.org/W4200160798","https://openalex.org/W4243474409","https://openalex.org/W4312046378","https://openalex.org/W4388581013","https://openalex.org/W4388581334","https://openalex.org/W4393834507","https://openalex.org/W6685327664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rising":[1],"power":[2,15,23,48,81,100,112,135,142,158,169,191,209,218],"demands":[3,143],"of":[4,14,22,102,114,155,193,227],"supercomputers":[5],"put":[6],"high":[7,225],"importance":[8],"on":[9,88],"understanding":[10],"the":[11,31,37,57,66,92,99,105,111,115,133,139,148,153,189,224],"underlying":[12],"sources":[13],"use.":[16],"We":[17,45],"compare":[18],"a":[19,174],"comprehensive":[20],"set":[21],"measurements":[24],"covering":[25],"six":[26],"months":[27],"from":[28],"two":[29],"supercomputers,":[30],"Cori":[32],"and":[33,52,171,173],"Perlmutter":[34],"machines":[35,166],"at":[36,147],"National":[38],"Energy":[39],"Research":[40],"Scientific":[41],"Computing":[42],"Center":[43],"(NERSC).":[44],"show":[46],"that":[47,97,164,199],"usage":[49,101,113],"varies":[50],"considerably,":[51],"is":[53,109,122,181],"always":[54],"significantly":[55],"below":[56,221],"peak":[58,134,179],"provisioned":[59],"power.":[60],"Several":[61],"factors":[62],"cause":[63],"this":[64],"-":[65],"machine":[67],"may":[68],"not":[69,77,145],"be":[70,86,168,215],"fully":[71],"utilized,":[72],"applications'":[73],"computational":[74],"characteristics":[75],"are":[76],"those":[78],"which":[79],"maximize":[80],"usage,":[82],"and/or":[83],"applications":[84,103],"can":[85],"waiting":[87],"resources":[89],"external":[90],"to":[91,129],"node.":[93],"Our":[94],"analysis":[95],"shows":[96],"while":[98],"in":[104,186],"same":[106,116,149],"science":[107],"domain":[108],"similar,":[110],"application":[117],"run":[118],"by":[119],"different":[120,176],"users":[121],"even":[123],"more":[124],"similar.":[125],"As":[126],"NERSC":[127],"transitioned":[128],"GPU":[130],"accelerated":[131],"nodes,":[132],"capabilities":[136],"increased,":[137],"but":[138],"production":[140,194],"workload's":[141],"did":[144],"increase":[146],"rate,":[150],"further":[151],"decreasing":[152],"fraction":[154],"thermal":[156,178],"design":[157,180],"(TDP)":[159],"used.":[160],"These":[161,196],"results":[162,197],"indicate":[163],"future":[165,184,211],"could":[167,214],"capped":[170],"over-provisioned":[172,228],"metric":[175],"than":[177],"needed":[182],"for":[183],"procurement,":[185],"alignment":[187],"with":[188,200,217],"actual":[190],"needs":[192],"workloads.":[195],"suggest":[198],"appropriate":[201],"technologies,":[202],"such":[203],"as":[204],"power-aware":[205],"scheduling":[206],"or":[207],"dynamic":[208],"management,":[210],"HPC":[212],"systems":[213],"operated":[216],"caps":[219],"well":[220],"TDP,":[222],"avoiding":[223],"cost":[226],"infrastructure.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}