{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138881057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389","title":"Protocol-Aware Dynamic Synchronization for Multi-Rate Maritime Co-Simulation","display_name":"Protocol-Aware Dynamic Synchronization for Multi-Rate Maritime Co-Simulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138881057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 28th International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065130405","display_name":"Woo-Sung Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-2721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Sung Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061570168","display_name":"Jeongsik Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-8625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongsik Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041235243","display_name":"Dae Seung Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae Seung Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,Ulsan Intelligent Convergence Research Section,Republic of korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.2671999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.2671999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.19499999284744263,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13286","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation Systems","score":0.08649999648332596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6500999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handshake","display_name":"Handshake","score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handshaking","display_name":"Handshaking","score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-positioning","display_name":"Dynamic positioning","score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.3174999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7009000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6500999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830043","display_name":"Handshake","level":3,"score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58861099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548838","display_name":"Handshaking","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105331701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268965","display_name":"Dynamic positioning","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3913047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1956265","display_name":"sync","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icact68090.2026.11431389","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 28th International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.43850988149642944,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3242422053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MBDX202401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336292","funder_display_name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336292","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581058907","https://openalex.org/W2086981207","https://openalex.org/W2611164398","https://openalex.org/W2804347281","https://openalex.org/W2883922087","https://openalex.org/W3203661338","https://openalex.org/W4200304744","https://openalex.org/W7130614355"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maritime":[0],"cyber-physical":[1],"systems":[2],"increasingly":[3],"integrate":[4],"navigation,":[5],"control,":[6],"sensing,":[7],"and":[8,51,76,89,115],"heterogeneous":[9],"communication":[10,31],"technologies,":[11],"requiring":[12,95],"simulation":[13],"frameworks":[14],"that":[15,102],"accurately":[16],"capture":[17],"interactions":[18],"across":[19],"widely":[20],"different":[21],"time":[22],"scales.":[23],"However,":[24],"conventional":[25],"co-simulation":[26],"approaches":[27],"with":[28,125],"a":[29,57,136],"uniform":[30],"step":[32],"fail":[33],"to":[34,72,86],"represent":[35],"the":[36,45,83,103,121,130,139],"millisecond-level":[37],"timing":[38],"of":[39,48,132,138],"transport-protocol":[40],"events":[41],"while":[42,118],"simultaneously":[43],"accommodating":[44],"second-level":[46],"evolution":[47],"vessel":[49],"motion":[50],"control":[52],"processes.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"protocol-aware":[58],"dynamic":[59],"synchronization":[60],"method":[61,67,105],"for":[62],"multi-rate":[63],"maritime":[64],"co-simulation.":[65],"The":[66],"leverages":[68],"internal":[69],"protocol-state":[70],"information":[71],"switch":[73],"between":[74],"fast":[75],"slow":[77],"execution":[78],"modes,":[79],"selectively":[80],"activates":[81],"only":[82],"FMUs":[84],"relevant":[85],"each":[87],"mode,":[88],"emulates":[90],"event-driven":[91],"actuator":[92],"activation":[93],"without":[94],"advanced":[96],"clock":[97],"semantics.":[98],"Numerical":[99],"experiments":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"proposed":[104],"restores":[106],"realistic":[107],"TCP":[108],"handshake":[109],"latency":[110],"under":[111],"varying":[112],"network":[113],"delay":[114],"packet-loss":[116],"conditions":[117],"significantly":[119],"reducing":[120],"computational":[122],"load":[123],"associated":[124],"slow-scale":[126],"physical":[127],"models,":[128],"achieving":[129],"fidelity":[131],"fine-step":[133],"simulations":[134],"at":[135],"fraction":[137],"cost.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}