{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2987585208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","title":"Shield Synthesis for Real: Enforcing Safety in Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":"Shield Synthesis for Real: Enforcing Safety in Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2987585208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","mag":"2987585208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017792083","display_name":"Meng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9841-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456758","display_name":"Jingbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057473400","display_name":"Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyotirmoy Deshmukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406890","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017792083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.42711227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92625437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"129","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realizability","display_name":"Realizability","score":0.8635350465774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7602486610412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7155166268348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.47140029072761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.4598122537136078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.426662415266037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.415463387966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40728965401649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3412089943885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24496397376060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14373305439949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12007901072502136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454417","display_name":"Realizability","level":2,"score":0.8635350465774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7602486610412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7155166268348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47140029072761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4598122537136078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.426662415266037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.415463387966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40728965401649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3412089943885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24496397376060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14373305439949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12007901072502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2019.8894264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189973795","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1506101803","https://openalex.org/W1525451871","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1590315663","https://openalex.org/W1593428110","https://openalex.org/W1896363143","https://openalex.org/W1975294133","https://openalex.org/W1985929316","https://openalex.org/W2016206563","https://openalex.org/W2023808162","https://openalex.org/W2023889124","https://openalex.org/W2027769154","https://openalex.org/W2036910349","https://openalex.org/W2041701185","https://openalex.org/W2043996829","https://openalex.org/W2054412301","https://openalex.org/W2068619069","https://openalex.org/W2080640552","https://openalex.org/W2080915207","https://openalex.org/W2092884371","https://openalex.org/W2095274657","https://openalex.org/W2110279000","https://openalex.org/W2138124253","https://openalex.org/W2174488260","https://openalex.org/W2182741898","https://openalex.org/W2254640530","https://openalex.org/W2344321026","https://openalex.org/W2497873071","https://openalex.org/W2615979643","https://openalex.org/W2625110401","https://openalex.org/W2792781634","https://openalex.org/W2795668711","https://openalex.org/W2885490371","https://openalex.org/W2956034981","https://openalex.org/W2957311447","https://openalex.org/W2962295100","https://openalex.org/W2962297646","https://openalex.org/W2963186766","https://openalex.org/W2963575966","https://openalex.org/W2965660219","https://openalex.org/W2986444891","https://openalex.org/W3024763028","https://openalex.org/W4231208998","https://openalex.org/W4299619545","https://openalex.org/W6630053826","https://openalex.org/W6631621482","https://openalex.org/W6639534589","https://openalex.org/W6674485495","https://openalex.org/W6743563064","https://openalex.org/W6750517617","https://openalex.org/W6758617875","https://openalex.org/W6766043583","https://openalex.org/W6766341499","https://openalex.org/W6776882087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W157503550","https://openalex.org/W2143964722","https://openalex.org/W2994120531","https://openalex.org/W2108326965","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W2756692340","https://openalex.org/W3099113830","https://openalex.org/W4229048927","https://openalex.org/W190251865","https://openalex.org/W3017360834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1,24],"are":[2,69],"often":[3],"safety-critical":[4],"in":[5,79,93],"that":[6,53],"violations":[7],"of":[8,23,108,134,140],"safety":[9,22,123],"properties":[10],"may":[11,85],"lead":[12],"to":[13,19,51,91,119,126],"catastrophes.":[14],"We":[15,97,130],"propose":[16],"a":[17,30,40,121,138],"method":[18,136],"enforce":[20],"the":[21,34,37,42,46,60,94,99,106,116,128,132],"with":[25,45],"real-valued":[26,76,112],"signals":[27,77],"by":[28,59,104],"synthesizing":[29,66],"runtime":[31],"enforcer":[32],"called":[33],"shield.":[35,129],"Whenever":[36],"system":[38],"violates":[39],"property,":[41],"shield,":[43],"composed":[44],"system,":[47],"makes":[48],"correction":[49],"instantaneously":[50],"ensure":[52],"no":[54],"erroneous":[55],"output":[56],"is":[57],"generated":[58],"combined":[61],"system.":[62,147],"While":[63],"techniques":[64],"for":[65],"Boolean":[67],"shields":[68],"well":[70],"understood,":[71],"they":[72],"do":[73],"not":[74],"handle":[75],"ubiquitous":[78],"cyber-physical":[80],"systems,":[81],"meaning":[82],"their":[83],"corrections":[84],"be":[86],"either":[87],"unrealizable":[88],"or":[89],"inefficient":[90],"compute":[92],"real":[95],"domain.":[96],"solve":[98],"realizability":[100],"and":[101,114],"efficiency":[102],"problems":[103],"analyzing":[105],"compatibility":[107],"predicates":[109],"defined":[110],"over":[111],"signals,":[113],"using":[115],"analysis":[117],"result":[118],"constrain":[120],"two-player":[122],"game":[124],"used":[125],"synthesize":[127],"demonstrate":[131],"effectiveness":[133],"this":[135],"on":[137],"variety":[139],"applications,":[141],"including":[142],"an":[143],"automotive":[144],"powertrain":[145],"control":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
