{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388117495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050","title":"MIMO Virtual Array Design for mmWave 4D-Imaging Radar Sensors","display_name":"MIMO Virtual Array Design for mmWave 4D-Imaging Radar Sensors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388117495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/57801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113035233","display_name":"Nazila Karimian Sichani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazila Karimian Sichani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Department of Telecommunications,Tehran,Iran,1983963113"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Department of Telecommunications,Tehran,Iran,1983963113","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008794376","display_name":"Mohammad Alaee\u2013Kerahroodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-3833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alaee-Kerahroodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082151903","display_name":"Ehsan Raei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-0737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Raei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033404980","display_name":"Bhavani Shankar M. R.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-1349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavani Shankar M. R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT),Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034177408","display_name":"Esfandiar Mehrshahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-0126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esfandiar Mehrshahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Department of Telecommunications,Tehran,Iran,1983963113"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Department of Telecommunications,Tehran,Iran,1983963113","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111042227","display_name":"Seyyed Ali Ghorashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157227730","display_name":"University of East London","ror":"https://ror.org/057jrqr44","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157227730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["GB","IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyyed Ali Ghorashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London,Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies,London,UK,E16 2RD","Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London,Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies,London,UK,E16 2RD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157227730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6862,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9482729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1569","last_page":"1573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6864193081855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5950114130973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5764001607894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.5330076813697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5056562423706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.49944472312927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45240670442581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.22977414727210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20897802710533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18063849210739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07779476046562195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6864193081855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5950114130973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5764001607894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.5330076813697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5056562423706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.49944472312927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45240670442581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.22977414727210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20897802710533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18063849210739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07779476046562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco58844.2023.10290050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/57801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/57801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Helsinki, Finland [FI], 04-08 September 2023","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uel.ac.uk:8w299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.uel.ac.uk/download/bca6b380cf559cc16576478de8a3679d6b67684095c759afd0231a9993b9022f/488396/Ghorashi_Eusipco_Conference_2023.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401301","display_name":"UEL Research Repository (University of East London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157227730","host_organization_name":"University of East London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157227730"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference-paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/57801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/57801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2023 31st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Helsinki, Finland [FI], 04-08 September 2023","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067532361","https://openalex.org/W2171576754","https://openalex.org/W2256882320","https://openalex.org/W2548958840","https://openalex.org/W2549563303","https://openalex.org/W2620909453","https://openalex.org/W2759185414","https://openalex.org/W2808491755","https://openalex.org/W2902980683","https://openalex.org/W2999029120","https://openalex.org/W3009283311","https://openalex.org/W3132133323","https://openalex.org/W3134264060","https://openalex.org/W3144597849","https://openalex.org/W3196731481","https://openalex.org/W4292968279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W2281797687","https://openalex.org/W2384114305","https://openalex.org/W3013692990","https://openalex.org/W2400319883","https://openalex.org/W3110694720","https://openalex.org/W2036271115","https://openalex.org/W2585623765","https://openalex.org/W3188630320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67,98,142],"recently":[1],"developed":[2],"4D-Imaging":[3,156],"mmWave":[4],"MIMO":[5],"radars":[6],"have":[7],"significant":[8],"advantages":[9],"over":[10],"conventional":[11],"radar":[12,157],"sensors":[13],"because":[14],"they":[15],"offer":[16],"a":[17,71,83,114],"large":[18],"virtual":[19,39,85,130,138,150],"array":[20,64,86,131,139,151],"in":[21,105],"both":[22],"azimuth":[23],"and":[24,32,44,62,87,91,123],"elevation.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,37,60,78,96,109,118,128,136,149],"physical":[28,65],"placement":[29],"of":[30,73,89,108,121,152],"transmit":[31,61,90,122],"receive":[33,63,92,124],"antennas":[34],"to":[35,113,135],"achieve":[36],"desired":[38,84,119,137],"array,":[40],"while":[41,127],"considering":[42],"cost":[43],"efficiency":[45],"is":[46,101,132],"not":[47],"intuitive.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"an":[54],"optimization":[55],"framework":[56,69],"for":[57],"optimally":[58],"placing":[59],"elements.":[66],"proposed":[68,110],"obtains":[70],"sequence":[72],"optimal":[74],"placements":[75],"based":[76],"on":[77],"coordinate":[79],"descent":[80],"by":[81,147],"defining":[82],"number":[88,120],"antenna":[93,125],"elements":[94],"as":[95,133,140],"objective.":[97],"objective":[99],"function":[100],"then":[102],"monotonically":[103],"minimized":[104],"each":[106],"iteration":[107],"algorithm,":[111],"converging":[112],"solution":[115],"that":[116],"guarantees":[117],"elements,":[126],"obtained":[129],"close":[134],"possible.":[141],"simulation":[143],"results":[144],"are":[145],"validated":[146],"simulating":[148],"multiple":[153],"commercially":[154],"available":[155],"products.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}