{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206289675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930","title":"How Does Policy Stringency Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic? A Country Level Study","display_name":"How Does Policy Stringency Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic? A Country Level Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206289675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607854","display_name":"2021 29th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 29th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101762862","display_name":"Yicong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3844-9332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yicong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014253845","display_name":"Calvin M. L. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0282-3716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calvin Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114377934","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2053-6393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038228706","display_name":"Er\u00e7an E. Kuruo\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2608-8034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ercan Engin Kuruoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101762862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51965066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1965","last_page":"1969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7610077857971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granger-causality","display_name":"Granger causality","score":0.6051769256591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.59688800573349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5714609026908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5007493495941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5005831718444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4646318554878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.4153105318546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4032297134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3590412735939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.33507755398750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33472940325737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-economics","display_name":"Development economics","score":0.33089399337768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2560509443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24946117401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15150186419487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1436726450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10743224620819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.08213004469871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08195200562477112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7610077857971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.6051769256591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.59688800573349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5714609026908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5007493495941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5005831718444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4646318554878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.4153105318546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4032297134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3590412735939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.33507755398750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33472940325737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.33089399337768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2560509443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24946117401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15150186419487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1436726450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10743224620819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.08213004469871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08195200562477112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/eusipco54536.2021.9615930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607854","display_name":"2021 29th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 29th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6914240914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020245429","https://openalex.org/W2020934227","https://openalex.org/W2049723111","https://openalex.org/W2095364399","https://openalex.org/W2101668146","https://openalex.org/W2103977882","https://openalex.org/W2118866701","https://openalex.org/W2148301044","https://openalex.org/W2161728228","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W3003668884","https://openalex.org/W3012601209","https://openalex.org/W3012901173","https://openalex.org/W3025002029","https://openalex.org/W3031738512","https://openalex.org/W3032725243","https://openalex.org/W3048453320","https://openalex.org/W3082367746","https://openalex.org/W3099963856","https://openalex.org/W3106386073","https://openalex.org/W3111564425","https://openalex.org/W3134159870","https://openalex.org/W3135292993","https://openalex.org/W3153743799","https://openalex.org/W6682044371","https://openalex.org/W6774863019","https://openalex.org/W7006580286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373635223","https://openalex.org/W2412355096","https://openalex.org/W1990012352","https://openalex.org/W2431766951","https://openalex.org/W4385969441","https://openalex.org/W2035792466","https://openalex.org/W2977645287","https://openalex.org/W4251418261","https://openalex.org/W1972675643","https://openalex.org/W2154758532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Starting":[0],"the":[1,41,58,66,93,112,118,124],"end":[2],"of":[3,16,43,60,97,114,120,126],"2019,":[4],"COVID-19":[5,44],"has":[6],"developed":[7],"into":[8],"a":[9,13,51],"global":[10],"pandemic":[11],"demonstrating":[12],"wide":[14],"range":[15],"different":[17,24,28],"dynamics":[18,68],"temporally":[19],"and":[20,62,69,81,105,129,135],"spatially":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,35,56,86,91,133],"strategies":[25],"taken":[26],"by":[27,101],"countries":[29],"over":[30],"time.":[31],"It":[32],"is":[33],"vital":[34],"systematically":[36],"investigate":[37],"how":[38],"policies":[39],"affect":[40],"spread":[42],"pandemic.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49,84,109],"propose":[50,85],"statistical":[52],"signal":[53],"processing":[54],"framework":[55],"evaluate":[57],"effectiveness":[59],"containment":[61],"closure":[63],"policy":[64,115],"on":[65,73],"epidemic":[67],"provide":[70],"case":[71],"studies":[72],"four":[74],"countries:":[75],"United":[76,78,127],"States,":[77],"Kingdom,":[79],"Italy,":[80],"Turkey.":[82],"Particularly,":[83],"use":[87],"unscented":[88],"Kalman":[89],"filter":[90],"estimate":[92],"time-varying":[94],"reproduction":[95,121],"number":[96,122],"each":[98],"country.":[99],"Then":[100],"using":[102],"causality":[103],"analysis":[104],"change":[106],"point":[107],"detection,":[108],"show":[110],"that":[111],"time-series":[113,119],"stringency":[116],"Granger-causes":[117],"in":[123],"cases":[125],"States":[128],"Italy":[130],"with":[131],"3":[132],"13":[134],"17":[136],"days":[137],"delay":[138],"respectively.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}