{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415179911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237","title":"Mitigating Bus Bunching via Bus Substitution in Modular Vehicle Systems","display_name":"Mitigating Bus Bunching via Bus Substitution in Modular Vehicle Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415179911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anran Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anran Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore,Institute of Operations Research and Analytics,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore,Institute of Operations Research and Analytics,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075233338","display_name":"Kaidi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-2866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaidi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3287","last_page":"3293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.8256000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.8256000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-rapid-transit","display_name":"Bus rapid transit","score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5292999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4684000015258789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779697334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878855","display_name":"Bus rapid transit","level":3,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5292999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202015219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664300","display_name":"Local bus","level":4,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136321198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2377054","display_name":"System bus","level":2,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54609922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748329","display_name":"Bus network","level":4,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203315745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2235486","display_name":"Control bus","level":3,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984634286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision process","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778492718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1608217","display_name":"Passenger information","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055237722","https://openalex.org/W2067909423","https://openalex.org/W2090672779","https://openalex.org/W2509335305","https://openalex.org/W2735824523","https://openalex.org/W2809790777","https://openalex.org/W2953969202","https://openalex.org/W3027102885","https://openalex.org/W3096227293","https://openalex.org/W3107357813","https://openalex.org/W4310346538","https://openalex.org/W4401972262"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bus":[0],"bunching,":[1],"where":[2],"buses":[3],"arrive":[4],"at":[5,12],"stops":[6],"in":[7,114,120],"quick":[8],"succession":[9],"rather":[10],"than":[11],"evenly":[13],"spaced":[14],"intervals,":[15],"disrupts":[16],"public":[17],"transit":[18],"systems":[19],"by":[20,96],"increasing":[21],"passenger":[22,79,118],"waiting":[23,80],"times":[24,81],"and":[25,74,82,94,117],"decreasing":[26],"system":[27,115],"reliability.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this":[31,62],"issue,":[32],"we":[33],"propose":[34],"a":[35,55,90],"novel":[36],"strategy":[37,59,86],"featuring":[38],"automated":[39],"modular":[40,64],"bus":[41,67,75],"units":[42],"that":[43],"can":[44],"either":[45],"operate":[46],"individually":[47],"or":[48],"be":[49],"combined":[50],"en":[51],"route":[52],"to":[53,77],"form":[54],"larger":[56],"bus.":[57],"Our":[58,85,101],"systematically":[60],"combines":[61],"new":[63],"technology":[65],"with":[66],"bunching":[68],"mitigation":[69],"techniques,":[70],"including":[71],"stop":[72],"skipping":[73],"substitution,":[76],"minimize":[78],"operational":[83],"costs.":[84],"is":[87,103],"formulated":[88],"as":[89],"Markov":[91],"Decision":[92],"Process":[93],"solved":[95],"an":[97],"Advantage":[98],"Actor-Critic":[99],"algorithm.":[100],"approach":[102],"validated":[104],"through":[105],"numerical":[106],"experiments":[107],"using":[108],"real-world":[109],"data,":[110],"demonstrating":[111],"significant":[112],"improvements":[113],"reliability":[116],"satisfaction":[119],"various":[121],"traffic":[122],"conditions.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}