{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415159201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092","title":"Optimal melt pool width control for metal 3d printing with directed energy deposition","display_name":"Optimal melt pool width control for metal 3d printing with directed energy deposition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415159201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111664987","display_name":"J. Kulik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799784675","display_name":"University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/03zcpvf19","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jann Kulik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901","https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119849751","display_name":"Lucas Mieg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799784675","display_name":"University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/03zcpvf19","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Mieg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901","https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080925348","display_name":"Sebastian Leonow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0489-8834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799784675","display_name":"University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/03zcpvf19","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Leonow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901","https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058837549","display_name":"Martin M\u00f6nnigmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799784675","display_name":"University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/03zcpvf19","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin M\u00f6nnigmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Automatic Control and Systems Theory,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Bochum,Germany,44801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901","https://openalex.org/I2799784675"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111664987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799784675","https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33812051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1743","last_page":"1748"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9171000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deposition","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-power-scaling","display_name":"Laser power scaling","score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5092999935150146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200649887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154544","display_name":"Laser power scaling","level":3,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780329122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349149","display_name":"Fused deposition modeling","level":3,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109693293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496072","display_name":"Inkwell","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc65951.2025.11187092","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser-based":[0],"directed":[1],"energy":[2],"deposition":[3],"(DED)":[4],"is":[5,24,131],"an":[6,89,96],"additive":[7],"manufacturing":[8],"technique":[9],"used":[10,86],"for":[11,115],"3d":[12],"printing":[13],"of":[14,18,48],"metals.":[15],"In":[16],"processes":[17],"this":[19,128],"type,":[20],"the":[21,41,45,49,70,75,82,105,116],"laser":[22,37,77,91],"power":[23,38,92],"often":[25],"kept":[26],"constant":[27],"or":[28],"controlled":[29],"with":[30,104],"very":[31],"simple":[32],"controllers.":[33],"An":[34],"appropriate":[35],"feedforward":[36],"signal":[39,93],"has":[40],"potential":[42],"to":[43,87],"increase":[44],"geometric":[46],"quality":[47],"printed":[50],"product.":[51],"We":[52,80],"derive":[53],"a":[54,62,122],"computationally":[55],"efficient":[56],"reduced":[57],"order":[58],"model":[59,65],"(ROM)":[60],"from":[61],"finite-element":[63],"(FE)":[64],"and":[66,120],"simulation":[67],"that":[68,100],"describes":[69],"temperature":[71],"field":[72],"induced":[73],"by":[74,94],"moving":[76],"heat":[78],"source.":[79],"show":[81],"ROM":[83],"can":[84],"be":[85,102],"find":[88],"optimal":[90,97,109],"solving":[95],"control":[98,110],"problem":[99],"would":[101],"cumbersome":[103],"FE":[106],"model.":[107],"The":[108],"solution":[111],"achieves":[112],"reference":[113],"tracking":[114],"melt":[117],"pool":[118],"width":[119,124],"outperforms":[121],"PI":[123,129],"controller":[125,130],"even":[126],"if":[127],"tuned":[132],"systematically.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}