{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400946161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753","title":"Enhancing Pain Level Assessment in Post-Surgery Patients Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithms","display_name":"Enhancing Pain Level Assessment in Post-Surgery Patients Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400946161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC/file/01JQTM5J3X72M5RA3TP64AH1JQ.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035536996","display_name":"G. Othman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Ben Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046106298","display_name":"Erhan Yumuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-6690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Yumuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073964670","display_name":"Dana Copo\u0163","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-830X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Copot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063197926","display_name":"Amani R. Ynineb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9642-2810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. R. Ynineb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014252078","display_name":"Hamed Farbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-8889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Farbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050819340","display_name":"Isabela Birs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5658-850X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. R. Birs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079587319","display_name":"Cristina I. Mure\u015fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-4133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. I. Muresan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,Department of Automation,Cluj-Napoca,Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,Department of Automation,Cluj-Napoca,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108574290","display_name":"Robain De Keyser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. De Keyser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013544163","display_name":"In\u00e8s Chihi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6307-909X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134190","display_name":"Recherches Scientifiques Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/0333e3w09","country_code":"LU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Chihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Faculty of Science, Technology, and Medicine,Department Of Engineering,Kirchberg,Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Faculty of Science, Technology, and Medicine,Department Of Engineering,Kirchberg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134190","https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004573956","display_name":"Clara M. Ionescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-035X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Ionescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University,Research Group on Dynamical Systems and Control,Department of Electromechanics, Systems and Metal Engineering,Gent,Belgium,9052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045009356","display_name":"Martine Neckebroek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Neckebroek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University Hospital,Department of Anesthesia,Ghent,Belgium,9000"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University Hospital,Department of Anesthesia,Ghent,Belgium,9000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035536996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3434,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54135252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3051","last_page":"3056"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.9246000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5286363363265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4725503623485565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3400741517543793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32995253801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32148703932762146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5286363363265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4725503623485565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3400741517543793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32995253801345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32148703932762146}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc64448.2024.10590753","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC/file/01JQTM5J3X72M5RA3TP64AH1JQ.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9783907144107","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01JQTM4554VZSZVAP20K759DNC/file/01JQTM5J3X72M5RA3TP64AH1JQ.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9783907144107","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2121609774","display_name":"Adaptive Multi-Drug Infusion Control System for General Anesthesia in Major Surgery","funder_award_id":"101043225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6167187853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318622","display_name":"Ministerul Cercet\u0103rii, Inov\u0103rii \u015fi Digitaliz\u0103rii","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322603","display_name":"Universiteit Gent","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400946161.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991500325","https://openalex.org/W2105336635","https://openalex.org/W2158522512","https://openalex.org/W2161853498","https://openalex.org/W2577070076","https://openalex.org/W2883084184","https://openalex.org/W2897669098","https://openalex.org/W2954709802","https://openalex.org/W2971724044","https://openalex.org/W3010130058","https://openalex.org/W3040120887","https://openalex.org/W3080387499","https://openalex.org/W3101452063","https://openalex.org/W3108889534","https://openalex.org/W3119775508","https://openalex.org/W3195351148","https://openalex.org/W3197840494","https://openalex.org/W3209934913","https://openalex.org/W3214639705","https://openalex.org/W3215589645","https://openalex.org/W4220806843","https://openalex.org/W4385444825","https://openalex.org/W4386117295","https://openalex.org/W4393082337","https://openalex.org/W4398169716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Control":[0],"performance":[1],"decreases":[2],"significantly":[3],"in":[4,9,40],"the":[5,22,44,89,143,150,160,189],"presence":[6],"of":[7,48,69,82,91,155,185,191],"uncertainty":[8],"variable":[10],"availability,":[11],"measurement":[12],"noise,":[13],"or":[14],"instrumentation":[15],"failure.":[16],"In":[17,94],"cluttered":[18],"environments":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,101,177],"Post":[23],"Anesthesia":[24],"Care":[25],"Unit":[26],"(PACU),":[27],"clinical":[28],"measures":[29],"are":[30,72],"often":[31,73],"influenced":[32],"by":[33],"noise":[34],"and":[35,46,60,75,113,139,174],"artifacts.":[36],"An":[37],"important":[38],"component":[39],"post-operative":[41],"treatment":[42],"is":[43,54],"assessment":[45],"management":[47],"pain":[49,107,196],"levels.":[50],"However,":[51],"reliable":[52],"information":[53,84],"critical":[55],"for":[56,88,118,171,180],"clinically":[57],"relevant":[58],"results":[59],"improved":[61],"patient":[62],"outcomes.":[63],"From":[64],"a":[65,79,102],"control":[66,86],"engineering":[67],"point":[68],"view,":[70],"variables":[71],"estimated":[74],"interpolated":[76],"to":[77,85,105,194],"allow":[78],"suitable":[80],"flow":[81],"feedback":[83],"loops":[87],"optimization":[90],"drug":[92],"dosages.":[93],"this":[95],"context,":[96],"Artificial":[97],"Intelligence":[98],"(AI)":[99],"stands":[100],"promising":[103],"tool":[104],"augment":[106],"level":[108,197],"assessment.":[109,198],"This":[110,183],"study":[111,187],"introduces":[112],"compares":[114],"two":[115],"AI-based":[116,167],"approaches":[117],"predicting":[119],"continuous":[120,172],"Numerical":[121],"Rating":[122],"Scales":[123],"(NRS)":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126,163],"heart":[127],"rate":[128],"(HR)":[129],"data.":[130],"The":[131,165],"first":[132],"approach":[133,161],"uses":[134],"polynomial":[135],"regression,":[136,138,141],"lasso":[137],"ridge":[140],"while":[142],"second":[144],"employs":[145],"an":[146,178],"LSTM":[147],"model.":[148],"Notably,":[149],"AI":[151,192],"prediction":[152],"model,":[153],"independent":[154],"traditional":[156],"interpolation":[157],"techniques,":[158],"outperforms":[159],"relying":[162],"interpolation.":[164],"proposed":[166],"method":[168],"holds":[169],"promise":[170],"estimation":[173],"can":[175],"serve":[176],"estimator":[179],"model-based":[181],"control.":[182],"proof":[184],"concept":[186],"underscores":[188],"potential":[190],"tools":[193],"enhance":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
