{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214627977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","title":"Convex Optimization for Fuel Cell Hybrid Trains: Speed, Energy Management System, and Battery Thermals","display_name":"Convex Optimization for Fuel Cell Hybrid Trains: Speed, Energy Management System, and Battery Thermals","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214627977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","mag":"3214627977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607908","display_name":"2022 European Control Conference (ECC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017181936","display_name":"Rabee Jibrin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-8930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabee Jibrin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012869","display_name":"Stuart Hillmansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6852-452X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Hillmansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114375483","display_name":"Clive Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-2105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clive Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham,Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2130","last_page":"2136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6792015433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6741881370544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.653079628944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5860028266906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5541196465492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5089864730834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-brake","display_name":"Regenerative brake","score":0.4719100594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.46773725748062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.41803622245788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3503788411617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.31360945105552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26181760430336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.20691454410552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19418805837631226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6792015433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6741881370544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.653079628944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5860028266906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5541196465492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5089864730834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.4719100594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.46773725748062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.41803622245788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3503788411617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.31360945105552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26181760430336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.20691454410552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19418805837631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc55457.2022.9838209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607908","display_name":"2022 European Control Conference (ECC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039633010","https://openalex.org/W2063024112","https://openalex.org/W2065788296","https://openalex.org/W2066449147","https://openalex.org/W2123388021","https://openalex.org/W2155350901","https://openalex.org/W2254025448","https://openalex.org/W2464029385","https://openalex.org/W2526006345","https://openalex.org/W2592404563","https://openalex.org/W2593097710","https://openalex.org/W2701027972","https://openalex.org/W2909136609","https://openalex.org/W2909732082","https://openalex.org/W2917448994","https://openalex.org/W2925944577","https://openalex.org/W2955724600","https://openalex.org/W2975477515","https://openalex.org/W3046115612","https://openalex.org/W3111690302","https://openalex.org/W3115414901","https://openalex.org/W3154423375","https://openalex.org/W3191983302","https://openalex.org/W3204693109","https://openalex.org/W3210597417","https://openalex.org/W3212993431","https://openalex.org/W4235861296","https://openalex.org/W4250589301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W618248309","https://openalex.org/W2377336366","https://openalex.org/W2049765532","https://openalex.org/W1568097102","https://openalex.org/W1601203902","https://openalex.org/W2075798043","https://openalex.org/W4390419160","https://openalex.org/W4225671779","https://openalex.org/W2102464536","https://openalex.org/W2361332776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"optimize":[1],"the":[2,36,51,98,119],"operation":[3],"of":[4,72,129,134],"a":[5,41,65],"fuel":[6,20,73,86],"cell":[7],"hybrid":[8],"train":[9,33],"using":[10],"convex":[11],"optimization.":[12],"The":[13,59,79],"main":[14],"objective":[15],"is":[16,28,138],"to":[17,54,110,140,142],"minimize":[18],"hydrogen":[19],"consumption":[21,74],"while":[22],"achieving":[23],"target":[24],"journey":[25],"duration.":[26],"This":[27,132],"achieved":[29],"by":[30],"jointly":[31],"optimizing":[32],"speed":[34,89],"and":[35,45,75,146],"energy":[37,93],"management":[38],"system.":[39],"Moreover,":[40,97],"battery":[42,56,76,112,123,147],"thermal":[43,46,57,77,148],"model":[44],"constraints":[47],"are":[48],"integrated":[49],"into":[50],"optimization":[52,62],"problem":[53],"improve":[55],"management.":[58,78,149],"proposed":[60],"joint":[61,80,99,120],"approach":[63,81,100,121],"outperforms":[64],"conventional":[66],"driving":[67],"strategy":[68],"both":[69],"in":[70],"terms":[71],"consumes":[82],"around":[83,127],"less":[84,103,111],"10%":[85],"because":[87,105],"its":[88,106],"profile":[90,108],"exploits":[91],"kinetic":[92],"recovery":[94],"more":[95],"effectively.":[96],"requires":[101],"12%":[102],"cooling":[104,124],"acceleration":[107],"leads":[109],"heating.":[113],"Lastly,":[114],"it":[115],"was":[116],"noticed":[117],"that":[118],"scheduled":[122],"commands":[125],"exclusively":[126],"periods":[128],"regenerative":[130],"braking.":[131],"form":[133],"auxiliary":[135],"load":[136],"scheduling":[137],"believed":[139],"lead":[141],"marginally":[143],"improved":[144],"efficiency":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}