{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046799972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","title":"Performance Comparison of Real-Time Solver Implementations for Powertrain Nonlinear Energy Management Optimization with MPC","display_name":"Performance Comparison of Real-Time Solver Implementations for Powertrain Nonlinear Energy Management Optimization with MPC","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046799972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","mag":"3046799972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026272355","display_name":"Franz Aubeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-9477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franz Aubeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Combustion Engines (VKA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Combustion Engines (VKA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022318575","display_name":"V V Nagendra Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125406","display_name":"FEV (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02xyqwh78","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125406"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vineeth Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEV Europe GmbH, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEV Europe GmbH, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007503953","display_name":"Nikolce Murgovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-7090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolce Murgovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042106002","display_name":"Stefan Pischinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-3457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Pischinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Combustion Engines (VKA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Combustion Engines (VKA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026272355"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63886823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"483","last_page":"490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14156","display_name":"Engineering Applied Research","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.8258041143417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.8102800846099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6195854544639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5976315140724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5237923860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5065964460372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4592007100582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3751342296600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.343034565448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3365177810192108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17533311247825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10255467891693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.08313244581222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06042909622192383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.8258041143417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.8102800846099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6195854544639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5976315140724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5237923860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5065964460372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4592007100582123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3751342296600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.343034565448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3365177810192108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17533311247825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10255467891693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.08313244581222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06042909622192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc51009.2020.9143843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:519257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/519257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:522653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/32d8a328-8351-4df3-82a2-5af4cd58436d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W267505160","https://openalex.org/W1596877211","https://openalex.org/W1977164425","https://openalex.org/W1993939248","https://openalex.org/W2025735514","https://openalex.org/W2068400211","https://openalex.org/W2129516068","https://openalex.org/W2330761921","https://openalex.org/W2465706914","https://openalex.org/W2518833181","https://openalex.org/W2523760000","https://openalex.org/W2536620281","https://openalex.org/W2607001947","https://openalex.org/W2736809267","https://openalex.org/W2741695306","https://openalex.org/W2789725222","https://openalex.org/W2791095976","https://openalex.org/W2900199474","https://openalex.org/W2919700208","https://openalex.org/W2943012286","https://openalex.org/W2945978148","https://openalex.org/W2970008966","https://openalex.org/W2989922796","https://openalex.org/W2990133094","https://openalex.org/W3130265262","https://openalex.org/W7005362307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388980375","https://openalex.org/W2142639873","https://openalex.org/W2360794504","https://openalex.org/W2356035581","https://openalex.org/W3097253201","https://openalex.org/W2069654098","https://openalex.org/W4236614235","https://openalex.org/W3097605578","https://openalex.org/W2042058853","https://openalex.org/W2772971464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"commercial":[3],"vehicle":[4,26],"manufacturers":[5],"have":[6],"introduced":[7],"legally":[8],"required":[9],"and":[10,29,46,61,89,129,155,173,209,221],"advanced":[11],"predictive":[12],"functionalities":[13],"into":[14],"their":[15],"vehicles.":[16],"By":[17],"applying":[18],"modern":[19,81],"supervisory":[20],"Model":[21],"Predictive":[22],"Controllers":[23],"(MPCs)":[24],"for":[25,97,218],"energy":[27,100,113,215],"management":[28,101,114,216],"by":[30,57,169],"also":[31],"using":[32],"the":[33,43,59,65,72,77,84,93,99,105,182,193],"live":[34],"traffic":[35],"data,":[36],"it":[37],"is":[38,52,74,137],"possible":[39],"to":[40,53,75,150,187,199],"reduce":[41],"efficiently":[42],"fuel":[44,55,166],"consumption":[45,56,167],"pollutant":[47],"emissions.":[48],"The":[49,111,161,206],"general":[50],"objective":[51,73],"minimize":[54],"optimizing":[58],"speed":[60],"gear":[62,109],"without":[63,103],"affecting":[64],"overall":[66],"travel":[67],"time.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"work,":[71],"compare":[76],"performance":[78],"of":[79,118],"two":[80],"optimization":[82,120],"solvers,":[83],"interior-point":[85],"solver":[86,95,185,196,210],"FORCES":[87,183,194],"Pro":[88,184,195],"ACADO":[90],"that":[91],"uses":[92],"active-set":[94],"qpOASES":[96],"solving":[98],"problem":[102],"controlling":[104],"powertrain":[106],"states":[107],"like":[108],"selection.":[110],"novel":[112,162],"cost":[115],"function":[116],"consists":[117],"6":[119],"variables,":[121,133],"different":[122],"distance":[123],"based":[124,190],"discretization":[125],"levels":[126],"with":[127,157,181],"velocity":[128],"time":[130,180],"as":[131],"state":[132],"whereby":[134],"a":[135,140,151,165],"solution":[136,217],"obtained":[138],"within":[139],"few":[141],"milliseconds":[142],"at":[143],"each":[144],"iteration.":[145],"Such":[146],"controllers":[147],"are":[148],"applied":[149],"40-ton":[152],"truck":[153],"simulator":[154],"verified":[156],"several":[158],"driving":[159],"cycles.":[160],"approach":[163],"achieves":[164],"decrease":[168],"more":[170],"than":[171,175,204],"7%":[172],"less":[174],"2%":[176],"increase":[177],"in":[178],"execution":[179],"compared":[186],"non-predictive":[188],"rule":[189],"strategies.":[191],"Also,":[192],"was":[197],"found":[198],"be":[200],"50":[201],"times":[202],"faster":[203],"ACADO.":[205],"innovative":[207],"software":[208],"framework":[211],"provide":[212],"an":[213],"efficient":[214],"future":[219],"conventional":[220],"hybrid":[222],"drivetrains.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}