{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967966231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","title":"Towards Reinforcement Learning-based Control of an Energy Harvesting Pendulum","display_name":"Towards Reinforcement Learning-based Control of an Energy Harvesting Pendulum","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967966231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","mag":"2967966231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 18th European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059953027","display_name":"Caralyn Cyr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caralyn Cyr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038507356","display_name":"Leo Dostal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-2587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Dostal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064280336","display_name":"Daniel A Duecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-6984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A Duecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109009653","display_name":"Edwin Kreuzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Kreuzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059953027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55384688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3934","last_page":"3939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8570566177368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pendulum","display_name":"Pendulum","score":0.6555593609809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6267356872558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.6133480668067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5938133001327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.5614569187164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4987070560455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4532935321331024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverted-pendulum","display_name":"Inverted pendulum","score":0.4453992545604706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.43987682461738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3378622531890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3226082921028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2760016918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26340651512145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12758541107177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11098667979240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10016325116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09974405169487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8570566177368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110639684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20702","display_name":"Pendulum","level":2,"score":0.6555593609809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6267356872558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.6133480668067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5938133001327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.5614569187164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4987070560455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4532935321331024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192921069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550134","display_name":"Inverted pendulum","level":3,"score":0.4453992545604706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.43987682461738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3378622531890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3226082921028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2760016918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26340651512145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12758541107177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11098667979240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10016325116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09974405169487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2019.8795916","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 18th European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tore.tuhh.de:11420/3365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11420/3365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401751","display_name":"tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","host_organization_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505317454","https://openalex.org/W2005985706","https://openalex.org/W2013232999","https://openalex.org/W2028642149","https://openalex.org/W2061411896","https://openalex.org/W2069508889","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2394617169","https://openalex.org/W2767013498","https://openalex.org/W2892211947","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4289981527","https://openalex.org/W6962127626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W962423920","https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W2387968248","https://openalex.org/W2350715914","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2482919532","https://openalex.org/W2379529020","https://openalex.org/W2101175215","https://openalex.org/W4310350708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Harvesting":[0],"energy":[1,22,33,50,72],"from":[2],"the":[3,13,47,49,52,71,83,94,116],"environment,":[4],"e.g.":[5],"ocean":[6],"waves,":[7],"is":[8,24],"a":[9,64,78,105],"key":[10],"capability":[11],"for":[12],"long-term":[14],"operation":[15,45],"of":[16,46,51,73,89,98],"remote":[17],"electronic":[18],"systems":[19],"where":[20],"standard":[21],"supply":[23],"not":[25],"available.":[26],"Rotating":[27],"pendulums":[28],"can":[29],"be":[30,57],"used":[31],"as":[32,115],"converters":[34],"when":[35],"excited":[36],"close":[37],"to":[38,42,56,69],"their":[39],"eigenfrequency.":[40],"However,":[41],"ensure":[43],"robust":[44],"harvester,":[48],"dynamic":[53],"system":[54],"has":[55],"controlled.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"we":[62,92],"deploy":[63],"light-weight":[65],"reinforcement":[66,101],"learning":[67,102],"algorithm":[68,84,103],"drive":[70],"an":[74,86],"Acrobot":[75],"pendulum":[76],"towards":[77],"desired":[79],"value.":[80],"We":[81],"analyze":[82],"in":[85],"extensive":[87],"series":[88],"simulations.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"explore":[93],"real":[95],"world":[96],"application":[97],"our":[99],"energy-based":[100],"using":[104],"computationally":[106],"constrained":[107],"hardware":[108],"setup":[109],"based":[110],"on":[111],"low-cost":[112],"components,":[113],"such":[114],"Raspberry":[117],"Pi":[118],"platform.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
