{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1505290942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","title":"Control strategies for a spark ignition engine during the warm-up phase","display_name":"Control strategies for a spark ignition engine during the warm-up phase","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1505290942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","mag":"1505290942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017398366","display_name":"Maria Carmela De Gennaro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Carmela De Gennaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028048796","display_name":"Giovanni Fiengo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-1343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Fiengo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011562075","display_name":"Luigi Glielmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-1787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Glielmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli studi del Sannio, Benevento","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072166793","display_name":"Stefania Santini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0754-6271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Santini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05802327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2298","last_page":"2303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10192","display_name":"Catalytic Processes in Materials Science","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10192","display_name":"Catalytic Processes in Materials Science","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10642","display_name":"Plasma Applications and Diagnostics","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","score":0.7484135031700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6073998212814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-system","display_name":"Ignition system","score":0.5722057819366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5113655924797058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark-ignition-engine","display_name":"Spark-ignition engine","score":0.4906684160232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.48919013142585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-gas-recirculation","display_name":"Exhaust gas recirculation","score":0.4884182810783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.4813612103462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.46615490317344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalytic-converter","display_name":"Catalytic converter","score":0.4654802680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.46139881014823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4553520977497101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-manifold","display_name":"Exhaust manifold","score":0.44673582911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-gas","display_name":"Exhaust gas","score":0.4464169442653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution","display_name":"Pollution","score":0.42471209168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3788479268550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35189157724380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3091548681259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-combustion-engine","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","score":0.22755932807922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.1884709596633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12865638732910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.10992774367332458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09899485111236572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7484135031700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6073998212814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.5722057819366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5113655924797058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777703250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651473","display_name":"Spark-ignition engine","level":3,"score":0.4906684160232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.48919013142585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103206924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285028","display_name":"Exhaust gas recirculation","level":3,"score":0.4884182810783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4813612103462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.46615490317344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778727938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653807","display_name":"Catalytic converter","level":3,"score":0.4654802680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.46139881014823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4553520977497101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87547285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2982767","display_name":"Exhaust manifold","level":3,"score":0.44673582911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779139147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320173","display_name":"Exhaust gas","level":2,"score":0.4464169442653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.42471209168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3788479268550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35189157724380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3091548681259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.22755932807922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.1884709596633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12865638732910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10992774367332458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09899485111236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2003.7085309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 European Control Conference (ECC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022768635","https://openalex.org/W2133476422","https://openalex.org/W2160456562","https://openalex.org/W2166843422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350827780","https://openalex.org/W2038339840","https://openalex.org/W1989877096","https://openalex.org/W2607071422","https://openalex.org/W2794305340","https://openalex.org/W1552104769","https://openalex.org/W2074610965","https://openalex.org/W3082804824","https://openalex.org/W2034184250","https://openalex.org/W115342789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0],"pollution":[1],"is":[2,13,34,61,66,74,107,128],"an":[3],"open":[4],"problem":[5],"that":[6],"hits":[7],"above":[8],"all":[9],"the":[10,22,26,48,53,56,64,94,116,125,131],"cities.":[11],"It":[12],"caused":[14],"by":[15,41],"different":[16,88],"factors,":[17],"as":[18],"exhaust":[19,38,126],"gas":[20],"of":[21,59],"cars.":[23],"To":[24],"limit":[25],"emission":[27],"level":[28],"a":[29,100,110,120],"three":[30],"way":[31],"catalytic":[32],"converter":[33],"used":[35],"to":[36,81],"post-treat":[37],"gases":[39],"produced":[40,62],"combustion.":[42],"The":[43],"catalyst":[44,65],"efficiency":[45],"depends":[46],"on":[47,104,124],"operating":[49],"point;":[50],"particularly":[51],"during":[52,76],"warm-up":[54,95],"phase":[55,78],"largest":[57],"amount":[58],"pollutants":[60],"because":[63],"not":[67],"properly":[68],"working.":[69],"An":[70],"appropriate":[71],"control":[72,90,133,140],"strategy":[73],"necessary":[75],"this":[77,86,138],"in":[79],"order":[80],"minimize":[82],"dangerous":[83],"emissions.":[84],"In":[85],"paper,":[87],"innovative":[89],"strategies,":[91],"designed":[92],"for":[93],"phase,":[96],"are":[97,135],"presented.":[98],"Firstly":[99],"simple":[101],"controller,":[102],"based":[103],"PI":[105],"regulator,":[106],"compared":[108],"with":[109,137],"more":[111],"complex":[112],"controller":[113],"realized":[114],"using":[115],"LQ":[117],"technique.":[118],"Finally,":[119],"secondary":[121],"air":[122],"injection":[123],"manifold":[127],"considered":[129],"and":[130],"two":[132],"strategies":[134],"implemented":[136],"new":[139],"input.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}