{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163507317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264","title":"NITRO: 3D NAND Flash-Based In-Storage LLM Computing with Enhanced Activation Dataflow","display_name":"NITRO: 3D NAND Flash-Based In-Storage LLM Computing with Enhanced Activation Dataflow","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163507317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067102582","display_name":"Sanghun Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghun Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sogang University,Dept. of Electronic Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sogang University,Dept. of Electronic Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119620347","display_name":"Gisan Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gisan Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sogang University,Dept. of Electronic Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sogang University,Dept. of Electronic Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079596428","display_name":"Sungju Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-391X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungju Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sogang University,Dept. of System Semiconductor Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sogang University,Dept. of System Semiconductor Engineering,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24879999458789825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24879999458789825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.24449999630451202}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date69613.2026.11539264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.750571072101593,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2588191434","https://openalex.org/W2896090304","https://openalex.org/W3006432798","https://openalex.org/W3161604716","https://openalex.org/W4308083744"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-storage":[0],"computing":[1],"(ISC)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,70,74,89,113],"next-generation":[7],"memory":[8,20],"architecture":[9,79,134],"to":[10,55,143,146],"relieve":[11],"the":[12,29,47,57,97,105,147],"data":[13,126],"movement":[14],"bottleneck":[15],"between":[16],"host":[17],"processors":[18],"and":[19,124],"systems.":[21],"While":[22],"recent":[23],"NAND":[24,34,48,76,98],"flash-based":[25,77],"processing-in-memory":[26],"works":[27],"leverage":[28],"high":[30,106],"density":[31],"of":[32],"3D":[33],"flash":[35,99],"for":[36],"deep":[37],"neural":[38],"networks,":[39],"they":[40],"primarily":[41],"focus":[42],"on":[43],"optimizing":[44],"computation":[45],"inside":[46],"array.":[49],"Consequently,":[50],"these":[51],"approaches":[52],"often":[53],"fail":[54],"address":[56],"critical":[58],"latency":[59,108,140],"overhead":[60],"associated":[61],"with":[62,80],"managing":[63],"intermediate":[64,86],"activation":[65,82],"data.":[66],"To":[67],"overcome":[68],"such":[69],"limitation,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"heterogeneous":[75],"ISC":[78],"enhanced":[81],"buffering.":[83],"By":[84],"buffering":[85],"values":[87],"in":[88],"DRAM":[90],"subsystem":[91],"rather":[92],"than":[93],"programming":[94,107],"them":[95],"into":[96],"array,":[100],"our":[101,132],"approach":[102],"effectively":[103],"mitigates":[104],"penalties.":[109],"We":[110],"also":[111],"introduce":[112],"distributed":[114],"dataflow":[115],"scheme":[116],"that":[117,131],"maximizes":[118],"computational":[119],"parallelism":[120],"through":[121],"optimized":[122],"plane-":[123],"bank-level":[125],"mapping.":[127],"The":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"proposed":[133],"achieves":[135],"performance":[136],"improvements,":[137],"reducing":[138],"inference":[139],"by":[141],"up":[142],"86%":[144],"compared":[145],"baseline.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-06-05T00:00:00"}