{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410583315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260","title":"RTL-Breaker: Assessing the Security of LLMs Against Backdoor Attacks on HDL Code Generation","display_name":"RTL-Breaker: Assessing the Security of LLMs Against Backdoor Attacks on HDL Code Generation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410583315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114988221","display_name":"Lakshmi Likhitha Mankali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmi Likhitha Mankali","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Tandon School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Tandon School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083354804","display_name":"Jitendra Bhandari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-1690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jitendra Bhandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Tandon School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Tandon School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053280523","display_name":"Manaar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manaar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648257","display_name":"Ramesh Karri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Karri","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Tandon School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Tandon School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043325974","display_name":"Michail Maniatakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-0651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michail Maniatakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052751303","display_name":"Johann Knechtel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-2939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Knechtel","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114988221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2996,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98554508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9640679359436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.5956154465675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5529614686965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5487369894981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4773581027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.35956090688705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21064767241477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15035480260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08834975957870483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9640679359436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.5956154465675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5529614686965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5487369894981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4773581027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35956090688705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21064767241477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15035480260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08834975957870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993260","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W3136584292","https://openalex.org/W3156924670","https://openalex.org/W4388040405","https://openalex.org/W4388212383","https://openalex.org/W4389166691","https://openalex.org/W4389166737","https://openalex.org/W4391681217","https://openalex.org/W4391974622","https://openalex.org/W4393145520","https://openalex.org/W4393305455","https://openalex.org/W4399930913","https://openalex.org/W4402194438","https://openalex.org/W4402835980","https://openalex.org/W4405242160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4401407399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4,29],"demonstrated":[5],"remarkable":[6],"potential":[7],"with":[8],"code":[9,64,78,110,142,149],"generation/completion":[10],"tasks":[11],"for":[12,65,131,156],"hardware":[13,76,94],"design.":[14],"However,":[15],"the":[16,66,75,88,153],"reliance":[17],"on":[18,33,107,141,148],"such":[19,163],"automation":[20],"introduces":[21],"critical":[22],"security":[23,89],"risks.":[24],"Notably,":[25],"given":[26],"that":[27,38,166],"LLMs":[28,50],"to":[30,53,160],"be":[31,71],"trained":[32],"vast":[34],"datasets":[35],"of":[36,92,117,120],"codes":[37],"are":[39,51],"typically":[40],"sourced":[41],"from":[42],"publicly":[43],"available":[44],"repositories,":[45],"often":[46],"without":[47],"thorough":[48],"validation,":[49],"susceptible":[52],"so-called":[54],"data":[55],"poisoning":[56],"or":[57],"backdoor":[58,104,139],"attacks.":[59,164],"Here,":[60],"attackers":[61],"inject":[62],"malicious":[63,133],"training":[67],"data,":[68],"which":[69],"can":[70,86],"carried":[72],"over":[73],"into":[74],"description":[77],"(HDL)":[79],"generated":[80],"by":[81,138],"LLMs.":[82],"This":[83],"threat":[84],"vector":[85],"compromise":[87],"and":[90,135,172],"integrity":[91],"entire":[93],"systems.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97,121],"work,":[98],"we":[99,168],"propose":[100],"RTL-Breaker,":[101],"a":[102],"novel":[103,122],"attack":[105],"framework":[106,171],"LLM-based":[108],"HDL":[109],"generation.":[111],"RTL-Breaker":[112,151],"provides":[113],"an":[114],"indepth":[115],"analysis":[116],"essential":[118],"aspects":[119],"problem:":[123],"1)":[124],"various":[125],"trigger":[126],"mechanisms":[127],"versus":[128],"their":[129],"effectiveness":[130],"inserting":[132],"modifications,":[134],"2)":[136],"side-effects":[137],"attacks":[140],"generation":[143],"in":[144],"general,":[145],"i.e.,":[146],"impact":[147],"quality.":[150],"emphasizes":[152],"urgent":[154],"need":[155],"more":[157],"robust":[158],"measures":[159],"safeguard":[161],"against":[162],"Toward":[165],"end,":[167],"open-source":[169],"our":[170],"all":[173],"data.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}