{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410552815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243","title":"Quantifying Trade-Offs in Power, Performance, Area, and Total Carbon Footprint of Future Three-Dimensional Integrated Computing Systems","display_name":"Quantifying Trade-Offs in Power, Performance, Area, and Total Carbon Footprint of Future Three-Dimensional Integrated Computing Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410552815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117618794","display_name":"Danielle Grey-Stewart","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Grey-Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111340424","display_name":"David Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042200137","display_name":"Mariam Elgamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0002-3926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Elgamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087634653","display_name":"Georgios Kyriazidis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Kyriazidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006677701","display_name":"Jalil Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0870-4183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalil Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003214642","display_name":"Gage Hills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138354","display_name":"School of Sea","ror":"https://ror.org/03vr80018","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gage Hills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88247962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.743908703327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.6602504253387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5948521494865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-demand","display_name":"Power demand","score":0.4624616801738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3952137231826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34490442276000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.28272250294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11305445432662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.10139748454093933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.743908703327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.6602504253387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5948521494865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983317576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Power demand","level":4,"score":0.4624616801738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3952137231826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34490442276000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.28272250294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11305445432662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.10139748454093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993243","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526219215","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2086880071","https://openalex.org/W2143150278","https://openalex.org/W2168402089","https://openalex.org/W2291951321","https://openalex.org/W2346205343","https://openalex.org/W2810078282","https://openalex.org/W2892652298","https://openalex.org/W2999519386","https://openalex.org/W3106600609","https://openalex.org/W3139076594","https://openalex.org/W4206364646","https://openalex.org/W4226115116","https://openalex.org/W4238320000","https://openalex.org/W4281971810","https://openalex.org/W4316661239","https://openalex.org/W4362676162","https://openalex.org/W4385481798","https://openalex.org/W4386883102","https://openalex.org/W4389209960","https://openalex.org/W4392520416","https://openalex.org/W4392780160","https://openalex.org/W4393407320","https://openalex.org/W4395671673","https://openalex.org/W4404134189","https://openalex.org/W4409248563","https://openalex.org/W6669502119","https://openalex.org/W6736908895","https://openalex.org/W6757497457","https://openalex.org/W6767408909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992778348","https://openalex.org/W3104369155","https://openalex.org/W2162390224","https://openalex.org/W4389988448","https://openalex.org/W4320030328","https://openalex.org/W4405599279","https://openalex.org/W2031734160","https://openalex.org/W2238629651","https://openalex.org/W4408733052","https://openalex.org/W4366179056"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,31],"address":[1],"computing's":[2,154],"carbon":[3,14,35,44,51,62,155,197,354,363,376,403],"footprint":[4,15,39,45,267,377],"challenge,":[5],"designers":[6],"of":[7,20,40,109,196,213,228,283,291,312,341,353,366,408],"computing":[8,42,119,173,368,391,400],"systems":[9,174],"are":[10,74,113,142],"beginning":[11],"to":[12,56,78,150,361,383],"consider":[13,48],"as":[16,26],"a":[17,41,217,245,255,288,309],"first-class":[18],"figure":[19],"merit,":[21],"alongside":[22],"conventional":[23],"metrics":[24],"such":[25],"power,":[27,262],"performance,":[28,263],"and":[29,60,86,127,202,265,277,343,417],"area.":[30],"account":[32],"for":[33,70,94,117,139,144,169,189,268,300,389],"total":[34],"<tex":[36,52,63,71,83,95,133,163,170,192,225,238,347,386,397],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[37,53,64,72,84,96,134,164,171,193,226,239,348,387,398,410],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\text{tC})$</tex>":[38],"system,":[43],"models":[46,93,138,168],"must":[47],"both":[49],"embodied":[50],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathrm{C}_{\\text{embodied}})$</tex>":[54],"due":[55,77],"emissions":[57,412],"during":[58],"manufacturing,":[59],"operational":[61],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathbf{C}_{\\text{operational}})$</tex>":[65,73,85],"from":[66,296],"day-to-day":[67],"use.":[68],"Models":[69],"relatively":[75],"mature":[76],"the":[79,106,284,292,297,318,333,339],"direct":[80],"relationship":[81],"between":[82],"energy":[87,236,415],"consumed":[88],"while":[89],"computing.":[90],"In":[91,157],"contrast,":[92],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{C}_{\\text{embodied}}$</tex>":[97],"primarily":[98],"focus":[99],"on":[100,211,232],"today's":[101],"silicon-based":[102],"technologies,":[103],"not":[104],"capturing":[105],"wide":[107],"range":[108],"beyond-Si":[110],"technologies":[111,141],"that":[112,175,185,224,317],"actively":[114],"being":[115],"developed":[116],"future":[118,367],"systems,":[120,369,392],"including":[121],"emerging":[122,124,140,177],"nanomaterials,":[123],"memory":[125],"devices,":[126],"various":[128,235],"three-dimensional":[129],"(3D)":[130],"integration":[131,195],"techniques.":[132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{C}_{\\text":[135,165],"{embodied":[136,166],"}}$</tex>":[137,167],"essential":[143],"accurately":[145],"predicting":[146],"which":[147],"technology":[148,220],"directions":[149],"pursue":[151],"without":[152],"exacerbating":[153],"footprint.":[156],"this":[158,229],"paper,":[159],"we":[160,258,315,358,380],"(1)":[161],"develop":[162],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{3D}$</tex>-integrated":[172],"leverage":[176],"nanotechnologies.":[178],"We":[179,222],"analyze":[180],"an":[181,269,273,350],"example":[182],"fabrication":[183],"process":[184,230],"is":[186,322,373],"highly":[187],"promising":[188],"energy-efficient":[190],"computing:":[191],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$3\\mathbf{D}$</tex>":[194],"nanotube":[198],"field-effect":[199],"transistors":[200],"(CNFETs)":[201],"indium":[203],"gallium":[204],"zinc":[205],"oxide":[206],"(IGZO)":[207],"FETs":[208],"fabricated":[209],"directly":[210],"top":[212],"Si":[214,250,335],"CMOS":[215,251],"at":[216],"7":[218,247],"nm":[219,248],"node.":[221],"show":[223,316,359,381],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{C}_{\\text{embodied}}$</tex>":[227],"is,":[231],"average":[233],"(considering":[234,330],"grids),":[237],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1.31\\times$</tex>":[240],"higher":[241],"per":[242,303,327,413],"wafer":[243],"vs.":[244,332],"baseline":[246,334],"node":[249],"process.":[252],"(2)":[253],"As":[254],"case":[256],"study,":[257],"quantify":[259,362],"tradeoffs":[260],"in":[261,281,375,396],"area,":[264],"tC":[266,342],"embedded":[270,278],"system":[271,293,401],"comprising":[272],"ARM":[274],"Cortex-M0":[275],"processor":[276],"DRAM,":[279],"implemented":[280],"each":[282],"above":[285],"processes.":[286],"For":[287],"representative":[289],"lifetime":[290],"(running":[294],"applications":[295],"Embench":[298],"suite":[299],"2":[301],"hours":[302],"day":[304],"over":[305],"24":[306],"months,":[307],"with":[308],"clock":[310],"frequency":[311],"500":[313],"MHz),":[314],"3D":[319],"IGZO/CNFET/Si":[320],"implementation":[321],"1.02":[323],"\u00d7":[324],"more":[325],"carbon-efficient":[326],"good":[328],"die":[329],"yield)":[331],"implementation,":[336],"quantified":[337],"by":[338],"product":[340],"application":[344],"execution":[345],"time":[346],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(tCDP$</tex>,":[349],"effective":[351],"metric":[352],"efficiency).":[355],"(3)":[356],"Finally,":[357],"techniques":[360],"efficiency":[364],"benefits":[365],"even":[370],"when":[371],"there":[372],"uncertainty":[374,395],"models.":[378],"Specifically,":[379],"how":[382],"robustly":[384],"compare":[385],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\text{tCDP}$</tex>":[388],"multiple":[390],"given":[393],"underlying":[394],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{C}_{\\text{embodied}}$</tex>,":[399],"lifetime,":[402],"intensity":[404],"(in":[405],"equivalent":[406],"grams":[407],"CO<inf":[409],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</inf>":[411],"unit":[414],"consumption),":[416],"yield.":[418]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
