{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410584085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101","title":"SPIRE: Inferring Hardware Bottlenecks from Performance Counter Data","display_name":"SPIRE: Inferring Hardware Bottlenecks from Performance Counter Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410584085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061575224","display_name":"Nicholas Wendt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Wendt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110259013","display_name":"Mahesh Ketkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-5010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Ketkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation,Folsom,California,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation,Folsom,California,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030335506","display_name":"Valeria Bertacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Bertacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061575224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13701029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9469000101089478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7013512253761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spire","display_name":"Spire (mollusc)","score":0.542686939239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4843529462814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36570775508880615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7013512253761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777857774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577799","display_name":"Spire (mollusc)","level":2,"score":0.542686939239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4843529462814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36570775508880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987823408","https://openalex.org/W1993166652","https://openalex.org/W2000358470","https://openalex.org/W2002555321","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2013062050","https://openalex.org/W2020376754","https://openalex.org/W2049009664","https://openalex.org/W2154865023","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2595507424","https://openalex.org/W2769815858","https://openalex.org/W2807205576","https://openalex.org/W2904654489","https://openalex.org/W3036079062","https://openalex.org/W3197964808","https://openalex.org/W3203087587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1581006207","https://openalex.org/W4398293274","https://openalex.org/W4398680842","https://openalex.org/W4398546471","https://openalex.org/W4398257295","https://openalex.org/W4398331255","https://openalex.org/W4398323370"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"persistent":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,28],"greater":[4],"computing":[5],"efficiency,":[6],"coupled":[7],"with":[8,86,145],"diminishing":[9],"returns":[10],"from":[11,114,125],"semiconductor":[12],"scaling,":[13],"has":[14,24],"led":[15],"to":[16,34,67,105],"increased":[17],"microarchitecture":[18],"complexity":[19],"and":[20,31,81,149],"diversity.":[21],"Thus,":[22],"it":[23,144],"become":[25],"increasingly":[26],"difficult":[27],"application":[29],"developers":[30],"hardware":[32,59],"architects":[33],"accurately":[35,165],"identify":[36],"low-level":[37],"performance":[38,41,60,75,91,116,128,156],"bottlenecks.":[39],"Abstract":[40],"models,":[42,46],"such":[43],"as":[44],"roofline":[45,84,103],"help":[47],"but":[48,64],"strip":[49],"away":[50],"important":[51],"microarchitectural":[52,88],"details.":[53],"In":[54],"contrast,":[55],"analyses":[56],"based":[57,111],"on":[58,112,135,139],"counters":[61],"preserve":[62],"detail":[63,89],"are":[65],"challenging":[66],"implement.":[68],"This":[69],"work":[70],"proposes":[71],"SPIRE,":[72],"a":[73,100,107,126,132,140,154],"novel":[74],"model":[76,134],"that":[77,161],"combines":[78],"the":[79,87,169],"accessibility":[80],"generality":[82],"of":[83,90,102,168],"models":[85,104],"counters.":[92,117,129],"SPIRE":[93,133,163],"(Statistical":[94],"Piecewise":[95],"Linear":[96],"Roofline":[97],"Ensemble)":[98],"uses":[99],"collection":[101],"estimate":[106],"processor's":[108,127],"maximum":[109],"throughput,":[110],"data":[113,124],"its":[115],"Training":[118],"this":[119],"ensemble":[120],"simply":[121],"requires":[122],"sampling":[123],"After":[130],"training":[131],"23":[136],"workloads":[137,148],"running":[138],"CPU,":[141],"we":[142],"evaluated":[143],"4":[146],"new":[147],"compared":[150],"our":[151,162],"findings":[152],"against":[153],"commercial":[155],"analysis":[157,164],"tool.":[158],"We":[159],"found":[160],"identified":[166],"many":[167],"same":[170],"bottlenecks":[171],"while":[172],"requiring":[173],"minimal":[174],"deployment":[175],"effort.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}