{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410582546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026","title":"Adaptive Multi-Threshold Encoding for Energy-Efficient ECG Classification Architecture Using Spiking Neural Network","display_name":"Adaptive Multi-Threshold Encoding for Energy-Efficient ECG Classification Architecture Using Spiking Neural Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410582546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038299694","display_name":"Sumit Diware","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4461-1623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Diware","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050778215","display_name":"Youqiang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7274-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingzhou Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035548082","display_name":"Mohammad Amin Yaldagard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-7270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Amin Yaldagard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005739146","display_name":"Said Hamdioui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8961-0387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Said Hamdioui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090692955","display_name":"Rajendra Bishnoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0516-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajendra Bishnoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Computer Engineering Lab,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038299694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5927,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83986006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9577000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7640986442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7020547389984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6400876641273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6116876006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5091299414634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47500622272491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.46286141872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45791947841644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3323169946670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0663214921951294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7640986442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7020547389984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6400876641273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6116876006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5091299414634705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47500622272491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.46286141872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45791947841644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3323169946670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0663214921951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10993026","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9217795","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2554099370","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2905533880","https://openalex.org/W2939020224","https://openalex.org/W2970508404","https://openalex.org/W2974328520","https://openalex.org/W2990225235","https://openalex.org/W3007283957","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3104801087","https://openalex.org/W3134439218","https://openalex.org/W4283371538","https://openalex.org/W4284969475","https://openalex.org/W4288062478","https://openalex.org/W4291653242","https://openalex.org/W4320005601","https://openalex.org/W4381682834","https://openalex.org/W4383501742","https://openalex.org/W4387411201","https://openalex.org/W4396918182","https://openalex.org/W4404134013","https://openalex.org/W6796939779","https://openalex.org/W6850626707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126544799","https://openalex.org/W3104333581","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3111828357","https://openalex.org/W3018398156","https://openalex.org/W2920832517","https://openalex.org/W4388827557","https://openalex.org/W4387877594","https://openalex.org/W4285676431","https://openalex.org/W2977464668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"identification":[1],"of":[2,12,102],"cardiac":[3],"arrhythmia":[4,36],"(abnormal":[5],"heartbeats)":[6],"is":[7],"vital":[8],"for":[9,44,119,137,145,152],"early":[10],"diagnosis":[11],"cardiovascular":[13],"diseases.":[14],"Wearable":[15],"healthcare":[16],"devices":[17],"facilitate":[18],"this":[19,74,138,158],"process":[20],"by":[21,63,123],"recording":[22],"heartbeats":[23],"through":[24],"electrocardiogram":[25],"(ECG)":[26],"signals":[27],"and":[28,59,96,148],"using":[29,168],"AI-driven":[30],"hardware":[31,46,135],"to":[32,53,106,129,177,181],"classify":[33],"them":[34],"into":[35,71,164],"classes.":[37],"Spiking":[38],"neural":[39],"networks":[40],"(SNNs)":[41],"are":[42,61],"well-suited":[43],"such":[45,120],"as":[47],"they":[48],"consume":[49],"low":[50],"energy":[51],"due":[52],"event-driven":[54],"operation.":[55],"However,":[56],"their":[57],"energy-efficiency":[58,179],"accuracy":[60],"constrained":[62],"encoding":[64,89,94,162],"methods":[65],"that":[66],"translate":[67],"real-valued":[68],"ECG":[69,80,103,184],"data":[70,104],"spikes.":[72,112],"In":[73],"paper,":[75],"we":[76,156],"present":[77],"an":[78],"SNN-based":[79,183],"classification":[81],"architecture":[82,136,159],"featuring":[83],"a":[84,115,125,134,165],"new":[85],"adaptive":[86],"multi-threshold":[87],"spike":[88,121],"scheme.":[90],"This":[91],"scheme":[92,163],"adjusts":[93],"window":[95],"granularity":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99],"the":[100],"importance":[101],"samples,":[105],"capture":[107],"essential":[108],"information":[109],"with":[110,160,186],"fewer":[111],"We":[113,132],"develop":[114],"high-accuracy":[116],"SNN":[117],"model":[118],"representation,":[122],"proposing":[124],"technique":[126],"specifically":[127],"tailored":[128],"our":[130,161],"encoding.":[131],"design":[133],"model,":[139],"which":[140],"incorporates":[141],"optimized":[142],"layer":[143],"post-processing":[144],"energy-efficient":[146],"data-flow":[147],"employs":[149],"fixed-point":[150],"quantization":[151],"computational":[153],"efficiency.":[154],"Moreover,":[155],"integrate":[157],"system-on-chip":[166],"implementation":[167],"TSMC":[169],"40":[170],"nm":[171],"technology.":[172],"Our":[173],"approach":[174],"provides":[175],"up":[176],"5.1x":[178],"compared":[180],"state-of-the-art":[182],"classifiers,":[185],"high":[187],"accuracy.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}