{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410552864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915","title":"FLASH: An Efficient Hardware Accelerator Leveraging Approximate and Sparse FFT for Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"FLASH: An Efficient Hardware Accelerator Leveraging Approximate and Sparse FFT for Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410552864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053974811","display_name":"Tengyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5929-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tengyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586414","display_name":"Yufei Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4167-8244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Hong Kong SAR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064892269","display_name":"Ling Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103152639","display_name":"Zhen Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7067-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy,Alibaba Group,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy,Alibaba Group,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344858","display_name":"Yuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-0487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115694734","display_name":"Runsheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886480","display_name":"Ru Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457373","display_name":"Meng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-8799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial -Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial -Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053974811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05629731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8394323587417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7918305397033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.6166403293609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6027927398681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.5322363972663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4484635591506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4171191453933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.33275386691093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2160806655883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1816507875919342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8394323587417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7918305397033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.6166403293609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6027927398681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5322363972663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4484635591506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4171191453933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.33275386691093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2160806655883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1816507875919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2077905990","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2795147506","https://openalex.org/W2946522000","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3021878953","https://openalex.org/W3035754681","https://openalex.org/W3173488552","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4237773356","https://openalex.org/W4252174618","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4295872570","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4318686086","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831964","https://openalex.org/W4364857862","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4383112921","https://openalex.org/W4386212580","https://openalex.org/W4386764044","https://openalex.org/W4389159461","https://openalex.org/W4390421891","https://openalex.org/W4408750063","https://openalex.org/W6745889759","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6751853187","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6786271619","https://openalex.org/W6871513791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W4407007798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Private":[0],"convolutional":[1],"neural":[2],"network":[3],"(CNN)":[4],"inference":[5,89],"based":[6],"on":[7],"hybrid":[8,64],"homomorphic":[9,29],"encryption":[10],"(HE)":[11],"and":[12,58,63,95,105,142,160],"two-party":[13],"computation":[14,35,93],"(2<tex":[15],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[16,66],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$P$</tex>C)":[17],"emerges":[18],"as":[19],"a":[20,115],"promising":[21],"technique":[22],"for":[23,79,139,145,155],"sensitive":[24],"user":[25],"data":[26],"protection.":[27],"However,":[28],"convolutions":[30],"(HConvs)":[31],"suffer":[32],"from":[33],"high":[34,122],"costs":[36],"due":[37],"to":[38,92,102,151],"the":[39,54,86,107,121,134,156],"extensive":[40,128],"number":[41],"theoretic":[42],"transforms":[43,100,141,147],"(NTTs).":[44],"While":[45],"customized":[46],"accelerators":[47],"have":[48],"been":[49],"proposed,":[50],"they":[51],"usually":[52],"overlook":[53],"intrinsic":[55],"error":[56],"resilience":[57],"native":[59],"sparsity":[60,123],"of":[61,124],"DNNs":[62],"HE/2<tex":[65],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$P$</tex>C":[67],"protocols.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,84,130],"propose":[73,96],"FLASH,":[74],"leveraging":[75,120],"these":[76],"key":[77],"characteristics":[78],"highly":[80],"efficient":[81],"HConv.":[82],"Specifically,":[83],"observe":[85],"private":[87],"DNN":[88],"is":[90],"robust":[91],"errors":[94],"approximate":[97],"fast":[98],"Fourier":[99],"(FFTs)":[101],"replace":[103],"NTTs":[104],"avoid":[106],"expensive":[108],"modular":[109],"reduction":[110],"operations.":[111],"We":[112],"also":[113],"design":[114],"flexible":[116],"sparse":[117],"FFT":[118],"dataflow":[119],"weight":[125,140],"plaintexts.":[126],"With":[127],"experiments,":[129],"demonstrate":[131],"FLASH":[132,162],"improves":[133],"power":[135],"efficiency":[136],"by":[137,143],"90.7\u00d7":[138],"9.7\u00d7":[144],"all":[146],"in":[148,158],"HConvs":[149,157],"compared":[150],"existing":[152],"works.":[153],"As":[154],"ResNet-18":[159],"ResNet-50,":[161],"achieves":[163],"about":[164],"87.3%":[165],"energy":[166],"consumption":[167],"reduction.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
