{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410553228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707","title":"De<sup>2</sup>r: Unifying DVFS and Early-Exit for Embedded AI Inference via Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"De<sup>2</sup>r: Unifying DVFS and Early-Exit for Embedded AI Inference via Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410553228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102761608","display_name":"Yuting He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-1912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091245709","display_name":"Jingjin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7248-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078374082","display_name":"Chengtai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-7507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengtai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087373711","display_name":"Qingyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019319954","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013964678","display_name":"Heshan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-3503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heshan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033219457","display_name":"Jianfeng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4619-6590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100511327","display_name":"Heng Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China,Ningbo,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06853015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8492000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8492000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.8486999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8392000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7306845188140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6028516292572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5820707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4480458199977875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7306845188140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6028516292572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5820707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4480458199977875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date64628.2025.10992707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2622603622","https://openalex.org/W2951360122","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2973226577","https://openalex.org/W2996151060","https://openalex.org/W3024979215","https://openalex.org/W3167224913","https://openalex.org/W3204647170","https://openalex.org/W3208262036","https://openalex.org/W4205905517","https://openalex.org/W4379116579","https://openalex.org/W4382467688","https://openalex.org/W4386568841","https://openalex.org/W4386607611","https://openalex.org/W4389104738","https://openalex.org/W4391128462","https://openalex.org/W4394631239","https://openalex.org/W4396909909","https://openalex.org/W4402727675","https://openalex.org/W4402743254","https://openalex.org/W6779313456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Executing":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2,28],"on":[3,57],"resource-constrained":[4],"embedded":[5],"devices":[6],"faces":[7],"challenges.":[8],"Efforts":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11],"made":[12],"at":[13],"the":[14,21,26,92,110,145],"application":[15],"and":[16,38,52,60,90,98,130,153,167],"system":[17,43,154],"levels":[18],"to":[19,49,109,148,163,172],"reduce":[20,29],"execution":[22],"cost.":[23],"Among":[24],"them,":[25],"early-exit":[27,51,99,128,146],"computational":[30],"cost":[31],"through":[32],"intermediate":[33],"exits,":[34],"while":[35],"Dynamic":[36],"Voltage":[37],"Frequency":[39],"Scaling":[40],"(DVFS)":[41],"offers":[42],"energy":[44,61,165],"reduction.":[45],"Existing":[46],"works":[47],"strive":[48],"unify":[50],"DVFS":[53,97,131],"for":[54,133],"combined":[55],"benefits":[56],"both":[58],"timing":[59],"flexibility,":[62],"yet":[63],"limitations":[64],"exist:":[65],"1)":[66],"varying":[67],"time":[68,151],"constraints":[69,152],"that":[70,125,143,159],"make":[71],"different":[72],"exit":[73],"points":[74,129],"become":[75],"more,":[76],"or":[77],"less,":[78],"important":[79],"in":[80],"terms":[81],"of":[82,95],"inference":[83],"accuracy,":[84],"are":[85,105],"not":[86,106],"taken":[87],"care":[88],"of,":[89],"2)":[91],"optimal":[93],"decisions":[94],"unifying":[96],"as":[100],"a":[101,121,140],"multi-objective":[102],"optimization":[103],"problem":[104],"achieved":[107],"due":[108],"large":[111],"configuration":[112],"space.":[113],"To":[114],"address":[115],"these":[116],"challenges,":[117],"we":[118],"propose":[119],"Dr2r,":[120],"reinforcement":[122],"learning-based":[123],"framework":[124],"jointly":[126],"optimizes":[127],"settings":[132],"continuous":[134],"inference.":[135],"In":[136],"particular,":[137],"Dr2r":[138,160],"includes":[139],"cross-training":[141],"mechanism":[142],"fine-tunes":[144],"network":[147],"accommodate":[149],"dynamic":[150],"conditions.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"achieves":[161],"up":[162],"22.03%":[164],"reduction":[166],"3.23%":[168],"accuracy":[169],"gain":[170],"compared":[171],"contemporary":[173],"techniques.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
