{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401568694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869","title":"SpecScope: Automating Discovery of Exploitable Spectre Gadgets on Black-Box Microarchitectures","display_name":"SpecScope: Automating Discovery of Exploitable Spectre Gadgets on Black-Box Microarchitectures","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401568694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp;amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075725391","display_name":"Nabi Nazari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1468-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Najmeh Nazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020321835","display_name":"Behnam Omidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-2093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behnam Omidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073675901","display_name":"Chongzhou Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8942-7384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongzhou Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044003457","display_name":"Hosein Mohammadi Makrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-8728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosein Mohammadi Makrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051940611","display_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0626-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037831461","display_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075725391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72769514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.7573000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.7990021705627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6961239576339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1260453164577484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.7990021705627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6961239576339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1260453164577484}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp;amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4837577470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2155002,CNS-2155029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transient":[0],"execution":[1],"attacks":[2],"pose":[3],"information":[4],"leakage":[5],"risks":[6],"in":[7,18,59],"current":[8],"systems.":[9],"Disabling":[10],"speculative":[11],"execution,":[12],"though":[13],"mitigating":[14],"the":[15,54],"issue,":[16],"results":[17],"significant":[19],"performance":[20],"loss.":[21],"Accurate":[22],"identification":[23],"of":[24,56],"vulnerable":[25],"gadgets":[26,58],"is":[27,39],"essential":[28],"for":[29,52],"balancing":[30],"security":[31],"and":[32,72,78,99],"performance.":[33],"However,":[34],"uncovering":[35],"all":[36],"covert":[37],"channels":[38],"challenging":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,75],"complex":[43],"microarchitectural":[44],"analysis.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"introduces":[48],"SpecScope,":[49],"a":[50,62],"framework":[51],"automating":[53],"detection":[55],"Spectre":[57,81],"code":[60],"using":[61],"black-box":[63],"microarchitecture":[64],"approach.":[65],"SpecScope":[66,90],"focuses":[67],"on":[68,87],"contention":[69],"between":[70],"transient":[71],"non-transient":[73],"instructions":[74],"precisely":[76],"identify":[77],"reduce":[79],"false-positive":[80],"gadgets,":[82],"minimizing":[83],"mitigation":[84],"overhead.":[85],"Tested":[86],"public":[88],"libraries,":[89],"outperforms":[91],"existing":[92],"methods,":[93],"reducing":[94],"False-Positive":[95],"rates":[96,102],"by":[97,103],"8.9%":[98],"increasing":[100],"True-Positive":[101],"10.4%.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
