{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401567917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638","title":"PhotonNTT: Energy-Efficient Parallel Photonic Number Theoretic Transform Accelerator","display_name":"PhotonNTT: Energy-Efficient Parallel Photonic Number Theoretic Transform Accelerator","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401567917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp;amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028572558","display_name":"X.S. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390370","display_name":"Jiaqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-8003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661130","display_name":"Yuying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9084-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047946182","display_name":"Yinyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777145","display_name":"Jiaxu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-9516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057936875","display_name":"Chengeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046383145","display_name":"Shixi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-0495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shixi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083184685","display_name":"Yuxiang Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-6896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009667181","display_name":"Fengshi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-5593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengshi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441765","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-5405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013248987","display_name":"Jiang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-7752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22779805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.6524540185928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.618358314037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5674537420272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5017142295837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.40819936990737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.29377514123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.18065780401229858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.6524540185928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.618358314037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5674537420272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5017142295837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.40819936990737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29377514123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.18065780401229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date58400.2024.10546638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 Design, Automation &amp;amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp;amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-136493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-136493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983790127","https://openalex.org/W2058049418","https://openalex.org/W2419005468","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2725159389","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2802832603","https://openalex.org/W2886970706","https://openalex.org/W2903063825","https://openalex.org/W2922452168","https://openalex.org/W2930690565","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2944119451","https://openalex.org/W2954910491","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3091786965","https://openalex.org/W3118265437","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3157961299","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W4205117993","https://openalex.org/W4214883652","https://openalex.org/W4221066752","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W4285238825","https://openalex.org/W4293261672","https://openalex.org/W4293704636","https://openalex.org/W4313036036","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4378801105","https://openalex.org/W4386763993","https://openalex.org/W6753393172","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1],"encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"presents":[4],"a":[5,67,126],"promising":[6],"opportunity":[7],"to":[8,37,78,111],"remove":[9],"privacy":[10],"barriers":[11],"in":[12,159,164],"various":[13],"scenarios":[14],"including":[15],"cloud":[16],"computing":[17,53],"and":[18,55,76,94,117,161],"secure":[19],"database":[20],"search,":[21],"by":[22],"enabling":[23],"computation":[24],"on":[25],"encrypted":[26],"data.":[27],"However,":[28],"integrating":[29],"FHE":[30,44],"with":[31,72,154],"real-world":[32],"applications":[33],"remains":[34],"challenging":[35],"due":[36],"its":[38],"significant":[39],"computational":[40],"overhead.":[41],"In":[42],"the":[43,51,62,80,87,96,122,137,146],"scheme,":[45],"Number":[46],"Theoretic":[47],"Transform":[48],"(NTT)":[49],"consumes":[50],"primary":[52],"resources":[54],"has":[56],"great":[57],"potential":[58],"for":[59],"acceleration.":[60],"For":[61],"first":[63],"time,":[64],"we":[65],"present":[66],"photonic":[68,101],"NTT":[69,88,152],"accelerator,":[70],"PhotonNTT,":[71],"high":[73,127],"energy":[74,165],"efficiency":[75],"parallelism":[77,129],"address":[79],"above":[81],"challenge.":[82],"Our":[83],"approach":[84],"involves":[85],"formulating":[86],"into":[89,99,121],"matrix-vector":[90],"multiplication":[91],"(MVM)":[92],"operations":[93],"mapping":[95,107],"data":[97,106],"flow":[98],"parallel":[100],"MVM":[102],"units.":[103],"A":[104],"dedicated":[105],"scheme":[108],"is":[109,134],"proposed":[110,147],"introduce":[112],"free":[113],"spectral":[114],"range":[115],"(FSR)":[116],"distributed":[118],"RAM":[119],"design":[120],"system,":[123],"which":[124],"enables":[125],"bit-wise":[128],"level.":[130],"The":[131,141],"system's":[132],"reliability":[133],"validated":[135],"through":[136],"Monte-Carlo":[138],"BER":[139],"analysis.":[140],"experimen-tal":[142],"evaluation":[143],"shows":[144],"that":[145],"architecture":[148],"outperforms":[149],"SOTA":[150],"CiM-based":[151],"accelerators":[153],"an":[155],"improvement":[156,163],"of":[157],"50x":[158],"throughput":[160],"63x":[162],"efficiency.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
