{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379116090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019","title":"COMPACT: Co-processor for Multi-mode Precision-adjustable Non-linear Activation Functions","display_name":"COMPACT: Co-processor for Multi-mode Precision-adjustable Non-linear Activation Functions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379116090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113274285","display_name":"Wenhui Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhui Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091627905","display_name":"Zhuoyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9075-7626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401156","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-9570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408301","display_name":"Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-224X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081527767","display_name":"Yongkui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-3115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79128504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7048958539962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.4850715696811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.45759209990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.45254939794540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4525271952152252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4293370842933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigonometric-functions","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","score":0.4144766330718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.41160207986831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3673551678657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33029037714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2591066360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.25758832693099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19616800546646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19261011481285095}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7048958539962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.4850715696811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.45759209990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.45254939794540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4525271952152252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4293370842933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178009071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93344","display_name":"Trigonometric functions","level":2,"score":0.4144766330718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.41160207986831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3673551678657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33029037714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2591066360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25758832693099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19616800546646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19261011481285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/date56975.2023.10137019","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3905173892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W570991243","https://openalex.org/W1968902482","https://openalex.org/W2593971914","https://openalex.org/W2600089886","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2904469955","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2965942869","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3023286399","https://openalex.org/W3046957704","https://openalex.org/W3131152863","https://openalex.org/W4210722876","https://openalex.org/W4235743742","https://openalex.org/W4237249260","https://openalex.org/W4292387143","https://openalex.org/W4376599681","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032258609","https://openalex.org/W3024979424","https://openalex.org/W4283785902","https://openalex.org/W3032499992","https://openalex.org/W2041004593","https://openalex.org/W3134817226","https://openalex.org/W2895192346","https://openalex.org/W3110577345","https://openalex.org/W3136579697","https://openalex.org/W2811324119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-linear":[0],"activation":[1,71],"functions":[2,33,52,72],"imitating":[3],"neuron":[4],"behaviors":[5],"are":[6],"ubiquitous":[7],"in":[8,21,92,131],"machine":[9],"learning":[10,27],"algorithms":[11],"for":[12,23,68],"time":[13],"series":[14],"signals":[15],"while":[16],"also":[17],"demonstrating":[18],"significant":[19],"gain":[20],"precision":[22,67],"conventional":[24],"vision-based":[25],"deep":[26],"networks.":[28],"State-of-the-art":[29],"implementation":[30],"of":[31,104,113,163],"such":[32],"on":[34,96,123],"GPU-like":[35],"devices":[36,44],"incurs":[37],"a":[38,63,89,97,128],"large":[39],"physical":[40],"cost,":[41],"whereas":[42],"edge":[43],"adopt":[45],"either":[46],"linear":[47,51],"interpolation":[48],"or":[49],"simplified":[50],"leading":[53],"to":[54,77,127,149,160],"degraded":[55],"precision.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"work,":[59],"we":[60],"design":[61],"COMPACT,":[62],"co-processor":[64,119],"with":[65,85,142],"adjustable":[66,148],"multiple":[69],"non-linear":[70],"including":[73],"but":[74,134],"not":[75],"limited":[76],"exponent,":[78],"sigmoid,":[79],"tangent,":[80],"logarithm,":[81],"and":[82],"mish.":[83],"Benchmarking":[84],"state-of-the-arts,":[86],"COMPACT":[87,146],"achieves":[88],"26%":[90],"reduction":[91,130],"the":[93,105,135,140,154,161],"absolute":[94,156],"error":[95,157],"1.6x":[98],"widen":[99],"approximation":[100],"range":[101],"taking":[102],"advantage":[103],"triple":[106],"decomposition":[107],"technique":[108],"inspired":[109],"by":[110],"Hajduk's":[111],"formula":[112],"Pad\u00e9":[114],"approximation.":[115],"A":[116],"SIMD-ISA-based":[117],"vector":[118],"has":[120],"been":[121],"implemented":[122],"FPGA":[124],"which":[125],"leads":[126],"30%":[129],"execution":[132],"latency":[133,151],"area":[136],"overhead":[137],"nearly":[138],"remains":[139],"same":[141],"related":[143],"designs.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"is":[147,158],"46%":[150],"improvement":[152],"when":[153],"maximum":[155],"tolerant":[159],"order":[162],"1E-3.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
