{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185889905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","title":"In-Memory Computing based Accelerator for Transformer Networks for Long Sequences","display_name":"In-Memory Computing based Accelerator for Transformer Networks for Long Sequences","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185889905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","mag":"3185889905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053712676","display_name":"Ann Franchesca Laguna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8267-1040"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Franchesca Laguna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003063931","display_name":"Arman Kazemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-5516"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Kazemi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032564","display_name":"Michael Niemier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4306"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Niemier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600905","display_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-9738"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X. Sharon Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1839","last_page":"1844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6920346021652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5203378200531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5043965578079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21410530805587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09987163543701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08148828148841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6920346021652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5203378200531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5043965578079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21410530805587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09987163543701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08148828148841858}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2307193480","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2945854677","https://openalex.org/W2946189125","https://openalex.org/W2946337031","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2973727699","https://openalex.org/W2981910001","https://openalex.org/W2988640543","https://openalex.org/W2994673210","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W3008851394","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3035964421","https://openalex.org/W3037644476","https://openalex.org/W3082834449","https://openalex.org/W3177265267","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4295838474","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6767997687","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6768807518","https://openalex.org/W6769399607","https://openalex.org/W6771626834","https://openalex.org/W6773911639","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779516005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117014006","https://openalex.org/W4233815414","https://openalex.org/W2372170743","https://openalex.org/W1558545464","https://openalex.org/W1984303163","https://openalex.org/W1509211761","https://openalex.org/W2358725432","https://openalex.org/W2502560717","https://openalex.org/W3047022145","https://openalex.org/W99847340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer":[0,31],"networks":[1,6,10,18,32,73,139],"have":[2,88],"outperformed":[3],"recurrent":[4],"neural":[5,9,75],"and":[7,28,68,106,127,169,191],"convolutional":[8],"in":[11,48,165],"various":[12],"sequential":[13],"tasks.":[14],"However,":[15,110],"scaling":[16],"transformer":[17,72,131,138],"for":[19,195],"long":[20],"sequences":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23,89],"challenging":[24],"because":[25,39],"of":[26,40,51,125,137,158,179,199],"memory":[27,36,59,67,147],"compute":[29,69],"bottlenecks.":[30],"are":[33],"impeded":[34],"by":[35,61,140,182],"bandwidth":[37],"limitations":[38],"their":[41,183],"low":[42,49],"operation":[43],"per":[44],"byte":[45],"ratio":[46],"resulting":[47],"utilization":[50],"GPU's":[52],"computing":[53,142],"resources.":[54],"In-memory":[55],"processing":[56,107],"can":[57],"mitigate":[58],"bottlenecks":[60],"eliminating":[62],"the":[63,80,135,146,156,162,166,177],"transfer":[64,148],"time":[65],"between":[66,82],"units.":[70],"Furthermore,":[71],"use":[74],"attention":[76,94,167],"mechanisms":[77],"to":[78,91,129,154,175],"characterize":[79],"relationships":[81],"sequence":[83,180,197],"elements.":[84],"Efficient":[85],"hardware":[86],"solutions":[87,112],"proposed":[90],"implement":[92,115],"efficient":[93],"mechanisms,":[95],"which":[96],"include":[97],"ternary":[98],"content":[99],"addressable":[100],"memories":[101],"(TCAM),":[102],"crossbar":[103],"arrays":[104],"(XBars),":[105],"in-memory":[108],"(PIM).":[109],"these":[111],"do":[113],"not":[114],"a":[116,123,188,196],"multi-head":[117],"self-attention":[118],"mechanism.":[119],"We":[120,133],"propose":[121],"using":[122,171],"combination":[124],"XBars":[126],"CAMs":[128],"accelerate":[130],"networks.":[132],"improve":[134],"speed":[136],"(1)":[141],"in-memory,":[143],"thus":[144],"minimizing":[145],"overhead,":[149],"(2)":[150],"caching":[151],"reusable":[152],"parameters":[153],"reduce":[155],"number":[157,178],"operations,":[159],"(3)":[160],"exploiting":[161],"available":[163],"parallelism":[164],"mechanism,":[168],"(4)":[170],"locality":[172],"sensitive":[173],"hashing":[174],"filter":[176],"elements":[181],"importance.":[184],"Our":[185],"approach":[186],"achieves":[187],"200x":[189],"speedup":[190],"41x":[192],"energy":[193],"improvement":[194],"length":[198],"4098.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}