{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158611098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","title":"A Hardware Accelerator for Polynomial Multiplication Operation of CRYSTALS-KYBER PQC Scheme","display_name":"A Hardware Accelerator for Polynomial Multiplication Operation of CRYSTALS-KYBER PQC Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158611098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","mag":"3158611098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005076282","display_name":"Ferhat Yaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferhat Yaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069743425","display_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101399237","display_name":"Erdin\u00e7 \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erdinc Ozturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064835031","display_name":"Erkay Sava\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erkay Savas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1799,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76370597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1020","last_page":"1025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.7737852334976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.7232810258865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.66234290599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.45596736669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3762466013431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3610525131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2240590751171112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.06330540776252747}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.7737852334976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7232810258865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.66234290599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.45596736669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3762466013431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3610525131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2240590751171112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.06330540776252747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9474139","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:41453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://research.sabanciuniv.edu/41453/1/DATE_21_KYBER_paper.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:43549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/43549/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Papers in Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"mag:3158611098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/485.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2953568773","https://openalex.org/W3002720885","https://openalex.org/W3013093367","https://openalex.org/W3016085798","https://openalex.org/W3021991761","https://openalex.org/W3049114471","https://openalex.org/W4240339612","https://openalex.org/W4243564683","https://openalex.org/W6724049718","https://openalex.org/W6760042576","https://openalex.org/W6779687103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176372658","https://openalex.org/W2407261548","https://openalex.org/W1447919038","https://openalex.org/W2125290450","https://openalex.org/W2361290373","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2112831016","https://openalex.org/W2103774873","https://openalex.org/W3179636687","https://openalex.org/W3006114681","https://openalex.org/W2377119711","https://openalex.org/W2010139537","https://openalex.org/W2927751796","https://openalex.org/W2112637319","https://openalex.org/W3198565677","https://openalex.org/W1540582803","https://openalex.org/W2958684156","https://openalex.org/W2938537438","https://openalex.org/W1814475099","https://openalex.org/W1737922677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Polynomial":[0],"multiplication":[1,47,76,93],"is":[2,17],"one":[3,30],"of":[4,31,45,107],"the":[5,32,69,79,100,134],"most":[6],"time-consuming":[7],"operations":[8,77,106],"utilized":[9,97],"in":[10,38],"lattice-based":[11,19],"post-quantum":[12],"cryptography":[13],"(PQC)":[14],"schemes.":[15],"CRYSTALS-KYBER":[16,53,80],"a":[18,86],"key":[20,101],"encapsulation":[21],"mechanism":[22],"(KEM)":[23],"and":[24,74,94,104,121,128],"it":[25],"was":[26],"recently":[27],"announced":[28],"as":[29],"four":[33],"finalists":[34],"at":[35],"round":[36],"three":[37,60],"NIST's":[39],"PQC":[40],"Standardization.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"efficient":[43],"implementations":[44,137],"polynomial":[46,75,92,129],"operation":[48],"are":[49],"crucial":[50],"for":[51,78,90,98,125],"highperformance":[52],"applications.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"different":[61],"hardware":[62,111],"architectures":[63,84],"(lightweight,":[64],"balanced,":[65],"high-performance)":[66],"that":[67],"implement":[68],"NTT,":[70,126],"Inverse":[71],"NTT":[72],"(INTT)":[73],"scheme.":[81],"The":[82],"proposed":[83],"include":[85],"unified":[87],"butterfly":[88,114],"structure":[89],"optimizing":[91],"can":[95],"be":[96],"accelerating":[99],"generation,":[102],"encryption":[103],"decryption":[105],"CRYSTALS-KYBER.":[108],"Our":[109],"high-performance":[110],"with":[112],"16":[113],"units":[115],"shows":[116],"up":[117],"to":[118,133],"112\u00d7,":[119],"132\u00d7":[120],"109\u00d7":[122],"improved":[123],"performance":[124],"INTT":[127],"multiplication,":[130],"respectively,":[131],"compared":[132],"high-speed":[135],"software":[136],"on":[138],"Cortex-M4.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
