{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3109020741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","title":"Characterization and Fault Modeling of Intermediate State Defects in STT-MRAM","display_name":"Characterization and Fault Modeling of Intermediate State Defects in STT-MRAM","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3109020741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","mag":"3109020741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009217361","display_name":"Lizhou Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4439-7436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhou Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TUDelft, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUDelft, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002378343","display_name":"Siddharth Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6161-3052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042250419","display_name":"Mottaqiallah Taouil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-4846"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mottaqiallah Taouil","raw_affiliation_strings":["CognitiveIC, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CognitiveIC, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044629739","display_name":"Erik Jan Marinissen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5058-8303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Jan Marinissen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080181961","display_name":"Gouri Sankar Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-4237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gouri Sankar Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005739146","display_name":"Said Hamdioui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8961-0387"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Said Hamdioui","raw_affiliation_strings":["CognitiveIC, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CognitiveIC, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1717","last_page":"1722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6568887233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.6427803039550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor","display_name":"Resistor","score":0.5576140880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5306928157806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5093663930892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47367578744888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.4472540020942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4352670907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","score":0.42999377846717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.42838823795318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3381601572036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2939192056655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20074397325515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.19148147106170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1496814787387848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.12032943964004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.08018174767494202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6568887233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6427803039550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137488568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321","display_name":"Resistor","level":3,"score":0.5576140880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5306928157806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5093663930892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47367578744888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.4472540020942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4352670907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.42999377846717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.42838823795318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3381601572036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2939192056655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20074397325515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.19148147106170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1496814787387848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.12032943964004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.08018174767494202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date51398.2021.9473999","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:7534e7fb-4027-4457-afe4-b8ce63a8246a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7534e7fb-4027-4457-afe4-b8ce63a8246a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995605289","https://openalex.org/W2061761071","https://openalex.org/W2112388836","https://openalex.org/W2157908889","https://openalex.org/W2465019737","https://openalex.org/W2568019164","https://openalex.org/W2790747874","https://openalex.org/W2913178838","https://openalex.org/W2913402275","https://openalex.org/W2914110167","https://openalex.org/W2922523256","https://openalex.org/W2967501850","https://openalex.org/W2996741906","https://openalex.org/W3006230808","https://openalex.org/W3006330715","https://openalex.org/W3007474556","https://openalex.org/W3121377334","https://openalex.org/W6787941365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054635671","https://openalex.org/W3146164987","https://openalex.org/W2545245183","https://openalex.org/W2017425642","https://openalex.org/W2350916061","https://openalex.org/W2141626281","https://openalex.org/W1970117475","https://openalex.org/W2086829516","https://openalex.org/W2798982538","https://openalex.org/W2199653281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,43,65,69,78,99,109,151,165],"defects":[2,28],"in":[3,29,174],"magnetic":[4],"tunnel":[5],"junctions":[6],"(MTJs)":[7],"and":[8,23,83,111,120,141,170,179],"their":[9],"faulty":[10],"behaviors":[11],"are":[12,94],"paramount":[13],"for":[14,18],"developing":[15],"high-quality":[16],"tests":[17],"STT-MRAM.":[19],"This":[20,160],"paper":[21,161],"characterizes":[22],"models":[24,93],"intermediate":[25],"(IM)":[26],"state":[27,32,74,153],"MTJs;":[30],"IM":[31,73,152,177],"manifests":[33],"itself":[34],"as":[35],"an":[36],"abnormal":[37],"third":[38],"resistive":[39],"state,":[40],"apart":[41],"from":[42,59],"two":[44],"bi-stable":[45],"states":[46],"of":[47,72,182],"MTJ.":[48],"We":[49],"performed":[50],"silicon":[51,124],"measurements":[52],"on":[53,77],"MTJ":[54,117],"devices":[55],"with":[56,123],"diameter":[57],"ranging":[58],"60":[60],"nm":[61],"to":[62,133],"120":[63],"nm;":[64],"results":[66,148],"reveal":[67],"that":[68,150,164],"occurrence":[70],"probability":[71],"strongly":[75],"depends":[76],"switching":[79],"direction,":[80],"device":[81],"size,":[82],"applied":[84],"bias":[85],"voltage.":[86],"To":[87],"test":[88,171],"such":[89,184],"defect,":[90],"appropriate":[91],"fault":[92,131,139,144,168],"needed.":[95],"Therefore,":[96],"we":[97,105,127],"use":[98,128],"advanced":[100],"device-aware":[101],"modeling":[102,169,176],"approach,":[103],"where":[104],"first":[106],"physically":[107],"model":[108,119],"defect":[110,154],"incorporate":[112],"it":[113,122],"into":[114],"a":[115,129,136],"Verilog-A":[116],"compact":[118],"calibrate":[121],"data.":[125],"Thereafter,":[126],"systematic":[130],"analysis":[132],"accurately":[134],"validate":[135],"theoretically":[137],"predefined":[138],"space":[140],"derive":[142],"realistic":[143],"models.":[145],"Our":[146],"simulation":[147],"show":[149],"causes":[155],"intermittent":[156],"write":[157],"transition":[158],"faults.":[159],"also":[162],"demonstrates":[163],"conventional":[166],"resistor-based":[167],"approach":[172],"fails":[173],"appropriately":[175],"defects,":[178],"hence":[180],"incapable":[181],"detecting":[183],"defects.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
