{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036016265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","title":"A Flexible and Scalable NTT Hardware : Applications from Homomorphically Encrypted Deep Learning to Post-Quantum Cryptography","display_name":"A Flexible and Scalable NTT Hardware : Applications from Homomorphically Encrypted Deep Learning to Post-Quantum Cryptography","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036016265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","mag":"3036016265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069743425","display_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028983037","display_name":"Emre Karabulut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Karabulut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101399237","display_name":"Erdin\u00e7 \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erdinc Ozturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064835031","display_name":"Erkay Sava\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erkay Savas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041520129","display_name":"Michela Becchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-2915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michela Becchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062027964","display_name":"Ayd\u0131n Aysu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069743425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94735393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"346","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.771003007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6617566347122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5652174353599548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5361675024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.5278815031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5263662934303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4849279224872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.48274630308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.4472075402736664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.44113194942474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.44089919328689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4358677566051483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.43426376581192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3981628119945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.25064027309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22324374318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12609955668449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11182191967964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.09672829508781433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.771003007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6617566347122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5652174353599548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5361675024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5278815031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5263662934303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4849279224872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.48274630308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.4472075402736664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.44113194942474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.44089919328689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4358677566051483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.43426376581192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3981628119945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.25064027309417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22324374318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12609955668449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11182191967964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.09672829508781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date48585.2020.9116470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:40596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W2079219927","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2801068370","https://openalex.org/W2802832603","https://openalex.org/W2906483705","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2951016307","https://openalex.org/W2952334088","https://openalex.org/W2952826183","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2968786179","https://openalex.org/W2981801946","https://openalex.org/W3002720885","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6761192330","https://openalex.org/W6766302934","https://openalex.org/W6772466715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319302742","https://openalex.org/W3115530580","https://openalex.org/W2622392763","https://openalex.org/W2390254310","https://openalex.org/W4403277146","https://openalex.org/W4214905828","https://openalex.org/W4327969081","https://openalex.org/W2170681877","https://openalex.org/W2133008414","https://openalex.org/W4390236734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Number":[1],"Theoretic":[2],"Transform":[3],"(NTT)":[4],"enables":[5],"faster":[6],"polynomial":[7],"multiplication":[8],"and":[9,79,96,120,143,159,171],"is":[10],"becoming":[11],"a":[12,60,70,121],"fundamental":[13],"component":[14],"of":[15,64,82,102,174],"next-generation":[16,175],"cryptographic":[17,176],"systems.":[18],"NTT":[19,72,131,155],"hardware":[20,38,55,73,91,132,152,177],"designs":[21,39],"have":[22,32,49,56],"two":[23,107],"prevalent":[24],"problems":[25],"related":[26],"to":[27,40,87,140,157],"design-time":[28],"flexibility.":[29],"First,":[30],"algorithms":[31],"different":[33,110],"arithmetic":[34,77],"structures":[35],"causing":[36],"the":[37,54,80,93,100,103,129,147,166],"be":[41],"manually":[42],"tuned":[43],"for":[44,59,134,168],"each":[45],"setting.":[46],"Second,":[47],"applications":[48,108,136],"diverse":[50],"throughput/area":[51],"needs":[52],"but":[53],"been":[57],"designed":[58],"fixed,":[61],"pre-defined":[62],"number":[63,81],"processing":[65,83],"elements.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"proposes":[69],"parametric":[71],"generator":[74],"that":[75,150],"takes":[76],"configurations":[78],"elements":[84],"as":[85],"inputs":[86],"produce":[88],"an":[89],"efficient":[90],"with":[92,109],"desired":[94],"parameters":[95],"throughput.":[97],"We":[98,127],"illustrate":[99],"employment":[101],"proposed":[104],"design":[105,173],"in":[106],"needs:":[111],"A":[112],"homomorphically":[113],"encrypted":[114],"deep":[115],"neural":[116],"network":[117],"inference":[118],"(CryptoNets)":[119],"post-quantum":[122],"digital":[123],"signature":[124],"scheme":[125],"(qTESLA).":[126],"propose":[128],"first":[130],"acceleration":[133],"both":[135],"on":[137],"FPGAs.":[138],"Compared":[139],"prior":[141],"software":[142],"high-level":[144],"synthesis":[145],"solutions,":[146],"results":[148],"show":[149],"our":[151,163],"can":[153],"accelerate":[154],"up":[156],"28\u00d7":[158],"48\u00d7,":[160],"respectively.":[161],"Therefore,":[162],"work":[164],"paves":[165],"way":[167],"high-level,":[169],"automated,":[170],"modular":[172],"solutions.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}