{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945546236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2019.8715195","title":"HolyLight: A Nanophotonic Accelerator for Deep Learning in Data Centers","display_name":"HolyLight: A Nanophotonic Accelerator for Deep Learning in Data Centers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945546236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2019.8715195","mag":"2945546236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date.2019.8715195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2019.8715195","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/145393/2/Liu_2019_DATE.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038598144","display_name":"Weichen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weichen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735168","display_name":"Wenyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3226-0920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066994161","display_name":"Yichen Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1947-6349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006753786","display_name":"Qian Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5462-2567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021566189","display_name":"Yiyuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-5256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103098320","display_name":"Lei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4795-0284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038598144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5032,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97239334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1483","last_page":"1488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7891294956207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6303943395614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6210616230964661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5884771347045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5657204985618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.548586368560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.535999596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.5245140790939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.455477237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.440046489238739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanophotonics","display_name":"Nanophotonics","score":0.43292877078056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4129638075828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41132330894470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37783318758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18277624249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17245912551879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15922662615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1145804226398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10875999927520752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7891294956207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6303943395614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6210616230964661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5884771347045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5657204985618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.548586368560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.535999596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5245140790939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.455477237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.440046489238739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27289702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2475861","display_name":"Nanophotonics","level":2,"score":0.43292877078056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4129638075828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41132330894470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37783318758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18277624249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17245912551879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15922662615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1145804226398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date.2019.8715195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2019.8715195","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/145393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/145393","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/145393/2/Liu_2019_DATE.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/145393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/145393","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/145393/2/Liu_2019_DATE.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2052919309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SUG M4082087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Technological University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3986640711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAP M4082282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Technological University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5348958605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G739051916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M4082282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Technological University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8867963434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M4082087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945546236.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945546236.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984020445","https://openalex.org/W1990315422","https://openalex.org/W2000302636","https://openalex.org/W2034573072","https://openalex.org/W2038337218","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2053716472","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2324035617","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2742566056","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2783799625","https://openalex.org/W2788983140","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2803438593","https://openalex.org/W2964200805","https://openalex.org/W2964228333","https://openalex.org/W6646626328","https://openalex.org/W6674479107","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687785706","https://openalex.org/W6734062232","https://openalex.org/W6747899666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3217463396","https://openalex.org/W2790557758","https://openalex.org/W2516396101","https://openalex.org/W3204929712","https://openalex.org/W4295102875","https://openalex.org/W2015457513","https://openalex.org/W2300671402","https://openalex.org/W2533938775","https://openalex.org/W4312888585","https://openalex.org/W4214962335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"are":[4],"widely":[5],"adopted":[6],"in":[7,76,95],"object":[8],"recognition,":[9],"speech":[10],"processing":[11],"and":[12,38,57,90,129],"machine":[13],"translation,":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,26,70,131,137],"their":[17],"extremely":[18],"high":[19,55,101],"inference":[20,74,102,120,146],"accuracy.":[21,103],"However,":[22],"it":[23],"is":[24],"challenging":[25],"compute":[27],"massive":[28],"computationally":[29],"expensive":[30],"convolutions":[31,85],"of":[32,51,79],"deep":[33],"CNNs":[34,96],"on":[35],"traditional":[36],"CPUs":[37],"GPUs.":[39],"Emerging":[40],"Nanophotonic":[41],"technology":[42],"has":[43],"been":[44],"employed":[45],"for":[46,100],"on-chip":[47],"data":[48],"communication,":[49],"because":[50],"its":[52,119],"CMOS":[53,98],"compatibility,":[54],"bandwidth":[56],"low":[58],"power":[59],"consumption.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"a":[66],"nanophotonic":[67],"accelerator,":[68,141],"HolyLight,":[69],"boost":[71],"the":[72,92,138,144],"CNN":[73,145],"throughput":[75,121,147],"datacenters.":[77],"Instead":[78],"an":[80],"all-photonic":[81],"design,":[82],"HolyLight":[83],"performs":[84],"by":[86,97,108,150],"photonic":[87],"integrated":[88],"circuits,":[89],"process":[91],"other":[93],"operations":[94],"circuits":[99],"We":[104,112,124],"first":[105],"build":[106],"HolyLight-M":[107],"microdisk-based":[109,127],"matrix-vector":[110],"multipliers.":[111],"find":[113],"analog-to-digital":[114],"converters":[115],"(ADCs)":[116],"seriously":[117],"limit":[118],"per":[122,148],"Watt.":[123],"further":[125],"use":[126],"adders":[128],"shifters":[130],"architect":[132],"HolyLight-A":[133,142],"without":[134],"ADCs.":[135],"Compared":[136],"state-of-the-art":[139],"ReRAM-based":[140],"improves":[143],"Watt":[149],"13\u00d7":[151],"with":[152],"trivial":[153],"accuracy":[154],"degradation.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
