{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2611966310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2017.7927210","title":"Hardware architecture of Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Optical Character Recognition","display_name":"Hardware architecture of Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Optical Character Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2611966310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2017.7927210","mag":"2611966310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/date.2017.7927210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2017.7927210","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE), 2017","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026761218","display_name":"Vladimir Rybalkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Rybalkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059285190","display_name":"Norbert Wehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Wehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030589560","display_name":"Mohammad Reza Yousefi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5126-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reza Yousefi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augmented Vision Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augmented Vision Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051650277","display_name":"Didier Stricker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8794-6858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Didier Stricker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augmented Vision Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augmented Vision Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026761218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5486,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94006889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1390","last_page":"1395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8598217964172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.6792194247245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5957337021827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5488095283508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.5123392343521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5055763721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.47803980112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47274693846702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.43070870637893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-neural-network","display_name":"Time delay neural network","score":0.4279184341430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.42340517044067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41213199496269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36723530292510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3523743748664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32767966389656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14970296621322632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8598217964172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6792194247245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5957337021827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5488095283508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.5123392343521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5055763721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.47803980112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47274693846702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43070870637893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.4279184341430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.42340517044067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41213199496269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36723530292510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3523743748664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32767966389656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14970296621322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/date.2017.7927210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/date.2017.7927210","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Design, Automation &amp; Test in Europe Conference &amp; Exhibition (DATE), 2017","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492347181","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1970026646","https://openalex.org/W1992477548","https://openalex.org/W2060580591","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2117815022","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2149978162","https://openalex.org/W2177436562","https://openalex.org/W2964033223","https://openalex.org/W6637409405","https://openalex.org/W6685823913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205841273","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W1732468982","https://openalex.org/W1761388607","https://openalex.org/W1997922073","https://openalex.org/W350032239","https://openalex.org/W2604685715","https://openalex.org/W2412160900","https://openalex.org/W2136453575","https://openalex.org/W1596913645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0,80],"Character":[1,81],"Recognition":[2],"is":[3,15,104],"conversion":[4,27],"of":[5,19,50,59,68,159,172],"printed":[6],"or":[7,124],"handwritten":[8],"text":[9,29],"images":[10],"into":[11],"machine-encoded":[12],"text.":[13],"It":[14],"a":[16,39,105,127],"building":[17],"block":[18],"many":[20],"processes":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"machine":[24],"translation,":[25],"text-to-speech":[26],"and":[28,153],"mining.":[30],"Bidirectional":[31,69],"Long":[32,70],"Short-Term":[33,71],"Memory":[34,72],"Neural":[35,73],"Networks":[36],"have":[37],"shown":[38],"superior":[40],"performance":[41,134],"in":[42,157],"character":[43],"recognition":[44,103,142,173],"with":[45,75,169],"respect":[46],"to":[47,56,126,129,148],"other":[48],"types":[49],"neural":[51],"networks.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"the":[57,64,85,117],"best":[58],"our":[60,149],"knowledge,":[61],"we":[62,88],"propose":[63],"first":[65],"hardware":[66,92,151],"architecture":[67],"Network":[74],"Connectionist":[76],"Temporal":[77],"Classification":[78],"for":[79],"Recognition.":[82],"Based":[83],"on":[84,108,121,132],"new":[86],"architecture,":[87],"present":[89],"an":[90],"FPGA":[91],"accelerator":[93,152],"that":[94,111,138],"achieves":[95],"459":[96],"times":[97],"higher":[98],"throughput":[99],"than":[100,165],"state-of-the-art.":[101],"Visual":[102],"typical":[106],"task":[107,118,143],"mobile":[109],"platforms":[110],"usually":[112],"use":[113],"two":[114],"scenarios":[115],"either":[116],"runs":[119],"locally":[120],"embedded":[122],"processor":[123],"offloaded":[125],"cloud":[128],"be":[130],"run":[131],"high":[133],"machine.":[135],"We":[136],"show":[137],"computationally":[139],"intensive":[140],"visual":[141],"benefits":[144],"from":[145],"being":[146],"migrated":[147],"dedicated":[150],"outperforms":[154],"high-performance":[155],"CPU":[156],"terms":[158],"runtime,":[160],"while":[161],"consuming":[162],"less":[163],"energy":[164],"low":[166],"power":[167],"systems":[168],"negligible":[170],"loss":[171],"accuracy.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
