{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402835018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575","title":"Targeting in the Black Box","display_name":"Targeting in the Black Box","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402835018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 16th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Over the Horizon (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107617460","display_name":"Scott Sullivan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Cyber Institute,United States Military Academy,West Point,NY,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Cyber Institute,United States Military Academy,West Point,NY,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075916282","display_name":"Iben M. Ricket","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-5747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iben Ricket","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College,Hanover,NH,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College,Hanover,NH,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107617460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90818495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"207","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.6513000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.6513000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6983641982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48802056908607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12400203943252563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6983641982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48802056908607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12400203943252563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon62501.2024.10685575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 16th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Over the Horizon (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,64],"poised":[4],"to":[5,40,47,67,74,173],"become":[6],"pervasive":[7],"in":[8,100,160,169,176],"military":[9,167],"operations":[10],"worldwide.":[11],"In":[12],"the":[13,33,52,59,68,76,85,108,117,140,146,151],"coming":[14],"decades,":[15],"AI-based":[16,36],"systems":[17,37],"will":[18],"revolutionize":[19],"logistics,":[20],"dramatically":[21],"change":[22],"targeting,":[23],"and":[24,43,94,103,113,150,165],"ultimately":[25],"power":[26],"autonomous":[27],"weapons":[28],"systems.":[29],"Unfortunately,":[30],"many":[31],"of":[32,79,91,148],"most":[34],"potent":[35],"are":[38,97],"unintelligible":[39],"their":[41,48],"developers":[42],"offer":[44],"unexplained":[45],"outputs":[46],"users-a":[49],"phenomenon":[50],"called":[51],"\u201cblack-box":[53],"problem.\u201d":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56,118,141],"first":[57],"describes":[58],"basic":[60],"AI":[61,171],"architecture":[62],"that":[63,154],"giving":[65],"rise":[66],"black-box":[69,81,111],"problem.":[70],"It":[71],"then":[72],"shifts":[73],"consider":[75],"unexplored":[77],"question":[78],"whether":[80],"models":[82,112,172],"comport":[83],"with":[84,123],"international":[86],"humanitarian":[87],"law":[88],"(IHL)":[89],"principles":[90],"distinction,":[92],"proportionality,":[93],"precaution,":[95],"which":[96],"fundamentally":[98],"rooted":[99],"nuanced":[101],"context":[102],"subjective":[104],"judgment.":[105],"After":[106],"describing":[107],"mismatch":[109],"between":[110],"existing":[114,120],"IHL":[115],"principles,":[116],"compares":[119],"NATO":[121,129],"doctrine":[122],"emerging":[124],"\u201csoft":[125],"law\u201d":[126],"embraced":[127],"by":[128,143,158,166],"member":[130],"States.":[131],"Identifying":[132],"a":[133],"nascent":[134],"movement":[135],"away":[136],"from":[137],"explainable":[138],"AI,":[139],"concludes":[142],"setting":[144],"out":[145],"importance":[147],"interpretability":[149],"aspects":[152],"therein":[153],"should":[155],"be":[156,174],"considered":[157],"policymakers":[159],"constructing":[161],"future":[162,177],"legal":[163],"norms":[164],"officials":[168],"assessing":[170],"used":[175],"operations.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}