{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283813168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048","title":"Keep the Moving Vehicle Secure: Context-Aware Intrusion Detection System for In-Vehicle CAN Bus Security","display_name":"Keep the Moving Vehicle Secure: Context-Aware Intrusion Detection System for In-Vehicle CAN Bus Security","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283813168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 14th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Keep Moving! (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1706298","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084456830","display_name":"Sampath Rajapaksha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-3774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sampath Rajapaksha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005926383","display_name":"Harsha Kalutarage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6430-9558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harsha Kalutarage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108813496","display_name":"M. Omar Al-Kadri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Omar Al-Kadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham City University,School of Computing and Digital Technologies,Birmingham,United Kingdom","School of Computing and Digital Technologies, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham City University,School of Computing and Digital Technologies,Birmingham,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technologies, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081851874","display_name":"Garikayi Madzudzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1156-3875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89264055","display_name":"MIRA (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04804s519","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89264055"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148075","display_name":"Horiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/056p61s65","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158139479","https://openalex.org/I4210148075"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garikayi Madzudzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horiba-MIRA,Coventry,United Kingdom","Horiba-MIRA, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horiba-MIRA,Coventry,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89264055","https://openalex.org/I4210148075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horiba-MIRA, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89264055","https://openalex.org/I4210148075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103808666","display_name":"Andrei V. Petrovski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei V. Petrovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University,School of Computing,Aberdeen,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084456830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88826793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"309","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7367754578590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6039863228797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6016671657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/can-bus","display_name":"CAN bus","score":0.5429172515869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.49157485365867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.46583667397499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.45441991090774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.43385615944862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4102557301521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34376370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2559419870376587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7367754578590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6039863228797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6016671657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201762086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728183","display_name":"CAN bus","level":2,"score":0.5429172515869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.49157485365867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.46583667397499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.45441991090774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43385615944862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4102557301521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34376370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2559419870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811048","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 14th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Keep Moving! (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:1706298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1706298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:1706298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1706298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2536935267","https://openalex.org/W2739928414","https://openalex.org/W2756382106","https://openalex.org/W2809082446","https://openalex.org/W2892564986","https://openalex.org/W2901447795","https://openalex.org/W2914845865","https://openalex.org/W2965595867","https://openalex.org/W2977100904","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W3021269664","https://openalex.org/W3047033621","https://openalex.org/W3094568574","https://openalex.org/W3102406764","https://openalex.org/W3106212564","https://openalex.org/W3120473801","https://openalex.org/W3134606046","https://openalex.org/W3194123998","https://openalex.org/W3206867092","https://openalex.org/W4231725517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2943623134","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2385965183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,185,211,235,259],"growth":[1],"of":[2,9,77,84,138,160,187,194,237,249,265,270],"information":[3,65],"technologies":[4],"has":[5],"driven":[6],"the":[7,10,23,29,50,75,81,85,102,157,176,191,204,224,233,238,278],"development":[8],"transportation":[11],"sector,":[12],"including":[13,113,252],"connected":[14],"and":[15,46,67,80,118,121,130,145,165,220,254,273],"autonomous":[16],"vehicles.":[17,87],"Due":[18],"to":[19,54,64,98,155,171,190,202,226,231],"its":[20],"communication":[21,34],"capabilities,":[22],"controller":[24],"area":[25],"network":[26,144],"(CAN)":[27],"is":[28,134,200],"most":[30],"widely":[31],"used":[32,170,201],"in-vehicle":[33],"protocol.":[35],"However,":[36],"CAN":[37,51,103,162],"lacks":[38],"suitable":[39,108],"security":[40,66],"mechanisms":[41],"such":[42,125],"as":[43,126,207],"message":[44],"authentication":[45],"encryption.":[47],"This":[48,88],"makes":[49],"bus":[52],"vulnerable":[53],"numerous":[55],"cyberattacks.":[56],"Not":[57],"only":[58,215],"are":[59,169],"these":[60],"attacks":[61,272],"a":[62,92,139,146,161,247],"threat":[63],"privacy,":[68],"but":[69],"they":[70],"can":[71],"also":[72],"directly":[73],"affect":[74],"safety":[76],"drivers,":[78],"passengers":[79],"surrounding":[82],"environment":[83],"moving":[86],"paper":[89],"presents":[90],"CAN-CID,":[91],"context-aware":[93],"intrusion":[94],"detection":[95,286],"system":[96],"(IDS)":[97],"detect":[99],"cyberattacks":[100],"on":[101],"bus,":[104],"which":[105],"would":[106],"be":[107],"for":[109,218,268,280],"deployment":[110],"in":[111],"automobiles,":[112],"military":[114],"vehicles,":[115,120],"passenger":[116],"cars":[117],"commercial":[119],"other":[122],"CAN-based":[123],"applications":[124],"aerospace,":[127],"industrial":[128],"automation":[129],"medical":[131],"equipment.":[132],"CAN-CID":[133,239,260],"an":[135,197,263],"ensemble":[136],"model":[137,178,213,240,261],"gated":[140],"recurrent":[141],"unit":[142],"(GRU)":[143],"time-based":[147,177,183],"model.":[148],"A":[149],"GRU":[150],"algorithm":[151],"works":[152],"by":[153],"learning":[154],"predict":[156],"centre":[158],"ID":[159,163],"sequence,":[164],"ID-based":[166],"probabilistic":[167],"thresholds":[168],"identify":[172],"anomalous":[173,180,208],"IDs,":[174],"whereas":[175],"identifies":[179],"IDs":[181,195],"using":[182],"thresholds.":[184],"number":[186,193],"anomalies":[188],"compared":[189],"total":[192],"over":[196,246,266],"observation":[198],"window":[199,205],"classify":[203],"status":[206],"or":[209],"benign.":[210],"proposed":[212],"uses":[214],"benign":[216],"data":[217,230],"training":[219],"threshold":[221],"estimation,":[222],"avoiding":[223],"need":[225],"collect":[227],"realistic":[228],"attack":[229],"train":[232],"algorithm.":[234],"performance":[236],"was":[241],"tested":[242],"against":[243],"three":[244],"datasets":[245],"range":[248],"16":[250],"attacks,":[251,282],"fabrication":[253],"more":[255],"sophisticated":[256],"masquerade":[257],"attacks.":[258],"achieved":[262],"F1-Score":[264],"99%":[267],"13":[269],"those":[271],"outperformed":[274],"benchmark":[275],"models":[276],"from":[277],"literature":[279],"all":[281],"with":[283],"near":[284],"real-time":[285],"latency.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}