{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283807977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008","title":"Subverting Skynet: The Strategic Promise of Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the Perils of Exploitation","display_name":"Subverting Skynet: The Strategic Promise of Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the Perils of Exploitation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283807977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 14th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Keep Moving! (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024054455","display_name":"Lennart Maschmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-2387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lennart Maschmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich,Center for Security Studies,Zurich,Switzerland","Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich,Center for Security Studies,Zurich,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024054455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86584369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"155","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subversion","display_name":"Subversion","score":0.9559054970741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6697053909301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6345957517623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4605078101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.42387717962265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4229961633682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4112921357154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3221106231212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.24421426653862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17615589499473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.08979231119155884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060330","display_name":"Subversion","level":3,"score":0.9559054970741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6697053909301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6345957517623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4605078101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.42387717962265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4229961633682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4112921357154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3221106231212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24421426653862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17615589499473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08979231119155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon55549.2022.9811008","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 14th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Keep Moving! (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W619562102","https://openalex.org/W657248727","https://openalex.org/W1498954346","https://openalex.org/W1605468281","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1972914161","https://openalex.org/W1976298364","https://openalex.org/W1996815492","https://openalex.org/W2037413600","https://openalex.org/W2048627029","https://openalex.org/W2171020728","https://openalex.org/W2616908822","https://openalex.org/W2736899637","https://openalex.org/W2745565856","https://openalex.org/W2774423163","https://openalex.org/W2775461895","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2808220384","https://openalex.org/W2886326201","https://openalex.org/W2891902119","https://openalex.org/W2894637789","https://openalex.org/W2907298821","https://openalex.org/W2913022911","https://openalex.org/W2959667015","https://openalex.org/W2969933198","https://openalex.org/W3038682671","https://openalex.org/W3094739916","https://openalex.org/W3121540308","https://openalex.org/W3132400453","https://openalex.org/W3174539931","https://openalex.org/W3195571952","https://openalex.org/W3204858285","https://openalex.org/W3209146925","https://openalex.org/W3210459530","https://openalex.org/W4214849287","https://openalex.org/W4246717786","https://openalex.org/W4250832119","https://openalex.org/W4286849950","https://openalex.org/W4312233756","https://openalex.org/W4313441748","https://openalex.org/W6622154124","https://openalex.org/W6741036071","https://openalex.org/W6746897123","https://openalex.org/W6746932923","https://openalex.org/W6757618866","https://openalex.org/W6780872985","https://openalex.org/W6797674689","https://openalex.org/W6803974149","https://openalex.org/W6804207934","https://openalex.org/W6804292555","https://openalex.org/W6831783845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982445252","https://openalex.org/W3089771613","https://openalex.org/W4247478651","https://openalex.org/W2756056980","https://openalex.org/W3048799479","https://openalex.org/W3006507989","https://openalex.org/W2779961139","https://openalex.org/W2763500028","https://openalex.org/W4240288358","https://openalex.org/W4240241597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lethal":[0],"Autonomous":[1],"Weapons":[2],"Systems":[3],"(LAWS)":[4],"promise":[5,182],"a":[6,229,282,286],"revolution":[7],"in":[8,58,65,154],"warfare":[9],"by":[10,82],"increasing":[11],"the":[12,18,27,76,109,113,118,123,127,155,180,192,250,259,267,271,279],"lethality":[13],"of":[14,20,29,78,105,183,253,258,274,289],"force":[15,230],"while":[16],"reducing":[17],"costs":[19],"war.":[21],"Yet":[22],"these":[23,45,262],"gains":[24],"come":[25],"at":[26,223],"cost":[28],"significant":[30],"yet":[31,165],"underappreciated":[32],"perils.":[33],"LAWS":[34,79,134,157,184,240,276],"are":[35,135,158,198],"vulnerable":[36],"to":[37,41,61,121,137,173,217,237],"subversion,":[38],"allowing":[39],"adversaries":[40,97],"degrade":[42],"or":[43,47],"disable":[44],"systems":[46,60,264],"even":[48],"turn":[49],"them":[50,63],"against":[51,175],"their":[52,187],"makers.":[53],"Subversion":[54],"involves":[55],"exploiting":[56],"flaws":[57],"complex":[59],"make":[62],"behave":[64],"unexpected":[66],"ways.":[67],"It":[68,204],"is":[69,80,211,227],"possible":[70,190,207],"because,":[71],"like":[72],"other":[73],"computer":[74],"systems,":[75],"behavior":[77],"determined":[81],"logical":[83],"rules":[84,88],"and":[85,89,129,152,215,220,249,285],"routines.":[86],"These":[87],"routines":[90],"inevitably":[91],"contain":[92],"flaws,":[93],"creating":[94],"vulnerabilities":[95],"that":[96,161,171,195,233,270],"can":[98],"exploit.":[99],"This":[100,140],"paper":[101,193,268],"identifies":[102,205],"three":[103],"avenues":[104],"subversion:":[106],"(1)":[107],"manipulating":[108,131],"algorithm":[110],"itself":[111],"during":[112],"design":[114],"process,":[115],"(2)":[116],"poisoning":[117],"data":[119],"used":[120],"train":[122],"artificial":[124],"intelligence":[125],"operating":[126],"LAWS,":[128,254],"(3)":[130],"physical":[132],"objects":[133],"trained":[136],"respond":[138],"to.":[139],"potential":[141],"for":[142,147],"subversion":[143],"creates":[144],"fundamental":[145],"uncertainty":[146],"strategic":[148,181,202,251,272],"planners,":[149],"military":[150],"commanders,":[151],"soldiers":[153],"field.":[156],"powerful":[159],"capabilities":[160],"may":[162,167],"win":[163],"wars,":[164],"they":[166],"also":[168],"become":[169],"liabilities":[170],"lead":[172],"defeat":[174],"crafty":[176],"adversaries.":[177],"Hence,":[178],"fulfilling":[179],"requires":[185],"mitigating":[186],"vulnerabilities.":[188],"Examining":[189],"mitigations,":[191],"shows":[194],"technical":[196],"fixes":[197],"currently":[199,277],"unavailable,":[200],"necessitating":[201,281],"solutions.":[203,208],"two":[206],"The":[209,225],"first":[210],"employing":[212],"counterintelligence":[213],"strategies":[214],"tactics":[216],"detect,":[218],"neutralize,":[219],"pre-empt":[221],"attempts":[222],"subversion.":[224],"second":[226],"adopting":[228],"structure":[231],"model":[232],"maintains":[234],"human":[235],"superiority":[236],"neutralize":[238],"rogue":[239],"if":[241],"necessary.":[242],"However,":[243],"both":[244],"solutions":[245],"reduce":[246],"operational":[247],"effectiveness":[248],"value":[252],"thus":[255],"forfeiting":[256],"some":[257],"core":[260],"advantages":[261],"new":[263],"promise.":[265],"Consequently,":[266],"concludes":[269],"challenges":[273],"deploying":[275],"outweigh":[278],"opportunities,":[280],"cautious":[283],"approach":[284],"greater":[287],"prioritization":[288],"strategy":[290],"development.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}