{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125464760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","title":"Epidemic? The Attack Surface of German Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"Epidemic? The Attack Surface of German Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125464760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","mag":"3125464760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07912","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004666549","display_name":"Johannes Klick","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Klick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alpha Strike Labs, Berlin, Germany","Alpha Strike Labs,Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alpha Strike Labs, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alpha Strike Labs,Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111886592","display_name":"Robert Koch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, Neubiberg, Germany","Bundeswehr University Munich#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundeswehr University Munich#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102864856","display_name":"Thomas Brandstetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-8038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25485817","display_name":"St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039a2re55","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Brandstetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Limes Security/FH St. P\u00f6lten, Hagenberg, Austria","Limes Security/FH St. P\u00f6lten,Hagenberg,Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Limes Security/FH St. P\u00f6lten, Hagenberg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Limes Security/FH St. P\u00f6lten,Hagenberg,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004666549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01128264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"73","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9146999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9146999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.852461576461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7493693828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7123717069625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6668551564216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5888320803642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5726632475852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.5123497247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.49065104126930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4507267475128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4152320325374603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4011894166469574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36514514684677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36288148164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.36126571893692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.29621726274490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18835502862930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.10951104760169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.08677491545677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.07625678181648254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.852461576461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7493693828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7123717069625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6668551564216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5888320803642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5726632475852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.5123497247695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.49065104126930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4507267475128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4152320325374603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4011894166469574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36514514684677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36288148164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36126571893692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29621726274490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18835502862930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.10951104760169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.08677491545677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07625678181648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468304","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.07912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07912","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3125464760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07912.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.07912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.07912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.07912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07912","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125464760.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125464760.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073384645","https://openalex.org/W2403688454","https://openalex.org/W2962686094","https://openalex.org/W4300093772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981009170","https://openalex.org/W3181590967","https://openalex.org/W3028741718","https://openalex.org/W176822308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"our":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"analyze":[4],"the":[5,17,28,53,65,99,109],"attack":[6,68,111],"surface":[7,69,112],"of":[8,27,40,55,86,108],"German":[9,102],"hospitals":[10,42,103],"and":[11,36,57,83,104,126],"healthcare":[12],"providers":[13],"in":[14],"2020":[15],"during":[16],"COVID-19":[18],"pandemic.":[19],"A":[20],"primary":[21],"analysis":[22,62,107],"found":[23],"that":[24,37],"32":[25],"percent":[26,39],"analyzed":[29],"services":[30],"were":[31,50],"vulnerable":[32],"to":[33],"various":[34],"degrees":[35],"36":[38],"all":[41],"showed":[43],"numerous":[44],"vulnerabilities.":[45],"Further":[46],"resulting":[47],"vulnerability":[48,129],"statistics":[49],"mapped":[51],"against":[52],"size":[54],"organization":[56],"hospital":[58],"bed":[59],"count.":[60],"The":[61],"looked":[63],"at":[64,117],"publicly":[66],"visible":[67],"utilizing":[70],"a":[71],"Distributed":[72],"Cyber":[73],"Recon":[74],"System,":[75],"through":[76],"distributed":[77],"Internet":[78,96],"scanning,":[79],"Big":[80],"Data":[81],"methods,":[82],"scan":[84],"data":[85],"almost":[87],"1.5":[88],"TB":[89],"from":[90],"more":[91,118],"than":[92,119],"89":[93],"different":[94],"global":[95],"scans.":[97],"From":[98],"1,555":[100],"identified":[101],"clinical":[105],"entities,":[106],"external":[110],"was":[113],"conducted":[114],"by":[115],"looking":[116],"13,000":[120],"service":[121],"banners":[122],"for":[123],"version":[124],"identification":[125],"subsequent":[127],"CVE-based":[128],"identification.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}