{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185110308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Kinetic Targeting from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law","display_name":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Kinetic Targeting from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185110308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","mag":"3185110308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082550531","display_name":"Anastasia Roberts","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lt Col, UK Army Legal Services, Office of Legal Affairs, SHAPE, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lt Col, UK Army Legal Services, Office of Legal Affairs, SHAPE, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005993768","display_name":"Adrian Venables","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-3610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Venables","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082550531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63382406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.9200000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarian-law","display_name":"International humanitarian law","score":0.7380343675613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotive","display_name":"Emotive","score":0.7318069934844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"Human rights","score":0.5138490796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.5017738342285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4861711859703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.4735102951526642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35133063793182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.34931182861328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33499640226364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.311352014541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25647997856140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1451699137687683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381148","display_name":"International humanitarian law","level":3,"score":0.7380343675613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776215170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373820","display_name":"Emotive","level":2,"score":0.7318069934844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.5138490796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5017738342285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4861711859703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4735102951526642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35133063793182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.34931182861328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33499640226364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.311352014541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25647997856140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1451699137687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon51939.2021.9468301","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3004257401","https://openalex.org/W4248663371","https://openalex.org/W603725405","https://openalex.org/W2137460703","https://openalex.org/W3167630016","https://openalex.org/W2978897034","https://openalex.org/W1966281075","https://openalex.org/W2786096260","https://openalex.org/W2263121790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,196],"use":[1,54,97,208],"of":[2,55,62,71,98,108,154,180,183,206,209],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"in":[6,116,157,163,185,204,237],"kinetic":[7,186],"targeting":[8,64,187],"is":[9,17,147,224],"an":[10,117],"emotive":[11,222],"issue.":[12],"Human":[13],"Rights":[14],"Watch":[15],"(HRW)":[16],"a":[18,142,176,215,228],"prominent":[19],"campaigner":[20],"against":[21,202],"Lethal":[22],"Autonomous":[23],"Weapons":[24],"Systems":[25],"(LAWS)":[26],"and":[27,79,90,106,138,166,168,188,199,203,221],"has":[28,126],"expressed":[29],"concern":[30],"these":[31],"systems":[32],"are":[33,112],"fundamentally":[34],"at":[35,58],"odds":[36],"with":[37,194],"the":[38,53,59,63,69,82,86,95,104,122,130,181,207],"international":[39],"humanitarian":[40],"law":[41],"(IHL)":[42],"framework":[43,48],"for":[44],"armed":[45],"conflict.":[46],"This":[47,171],"places":[49],"human":[50,72,139],"control":[51,73],"over":[52],"lethal":[56],"force":[57],"very":[60,144],"heart":[61],"process.":[65],"HRW":[66],"asserts":[67],"that":[68,111,132,226,235],"ceding":[70],"to":[74,149,174,230],"AI-enabled":[75],"capabilities":[76],"may":[77,191],"undermine":[78],"gradually":[80],"erode":[81],"IHL":[83,232],"framework,":[84],"leaving":[85],"battlespace":[87],"legally":[88],"ungoverned":[89],"civilians":[91],"unprotected.":[92],"Concerns":[93],"about":[94,124],"military":[96],"AI":[99,125,155,184,210],"have":[100],"been":[101,127],"exacerbated":[102],"by":[103,129],"actions":[105],"narratives":[107],"some":[109],"nations":[110],"perceived":[113],"as":[114],"competing":[115],"Al":[118],"arms":[119],"race.":[120],"However,":[121],"debate":[123],"clouded":[128],"fact":[131],"it":[133,190],"focuses":[134],"excessively":[135],"on":[136,218],"LAWS":[137],"control.":[140],"As":[141],"result,":[143],"little":[145],"consideration":[146],"given":[148],"other":[150],"potentially":[151],"positive":[152],"uses":[153],"technology":[156,238],"targeting.":[158],"These":[159],"include":[160],"AI's":[161],"role":[162,182],"Intelligence,":[164],"Surveillance":[165],"Reconnaissance":[167],"Information":[169],"Operations.":[170],"paper":[172],"seeks":[173],"present":[175],"more":[177],"nuanced":[178],"examination":[179],"how":[189],"affect":[192],"compliance":[193],"IHL.":[195],"legal,":[197],"ethical":[198],"technical":[200],"arguments":[201],"favour":[205],"will":[211,239],"be":[212],"examined.":[213],"Finally,":[214],"way":[216],"forward":[217],"this":[219],"complex":[220],"issue":[223],"proposed":[225],"offers":[227],"means":[229],"reinforce":[231],"whilst":[233],"accepting":[234],"advances":[236],"continue.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
