{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2959733027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","title":"Covert or not Covert: National Strategies During Cyber Conflict","display_name":"Covert or not Covert: National Strategies During Cyber Conflict","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2959733027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","mag":"2959733027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 11th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052324133","display_name":"Gil Baram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0384-612X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gil Baram","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020730526","display_name":"Udi Sommer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-5291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udi Sommer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7292219400405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6809370517730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterintuitive","display_name":"Counterintuitive","score":0.6660400032997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6390818953514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humiliation","display_name":"Humiliation","score":0.6228225231170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6068723201751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shame","display_name":"Shame","score":0.575955331325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5402803421020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.49283385276794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3753316402435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.3333663046360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.30919134616851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28470438718795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2625957727432251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21767252683639526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7292219400405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6809370517730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101097943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5176983","display_name":"Counterintuitive","level":2,"score":0.6660400032997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6390818953514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780666240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136859","display_name":"Humiliation","level":2,"score":0.6228225231170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6068723201751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781283010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152282","display_name":"Shame","level":2,"score":0.575955331325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5402803421020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.49283385276794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3753316402435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3333663046360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.30919134616851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28470438718795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2625957727432251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21767252683639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cycon.2019.8756682","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 11th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131936286","https://openalex.org/W1594990268","https://openalex.org/W1993595248","https://openalex.org/W2027615191","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2133685950","https://openalex.org/W2179058078","https://openalex.org/W2280306538","https://openalex.org/W2506623211","https://openalex.org/W2549606123","https://openalex.org/W2594206682","https://openalex.org/W2598922475","https://openalex.org/W2876821881","https://openalex.org/W2889649532","https://openalex.org/W2901856038","https://openalex.org/W3123026972","https://openalex.org/W3124910696"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2809491669","https://openalex.org/W2208861977","https://openalex.org/W3005839474","https://openalex.org/W4379988549","https://openalex.org/W2374995601","https://openalex.org/W2139510495","https://openalex.org/W1974043046","https://openalex.org/W2016376779","https://openalex.org/W3150693796","https://openalex.org/W4387010139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anonymity":[0],"is":[1,41,114,166,187,195,265],"considered":[2],"to":[3,36,61,89,97,115,125,135,148,174,181,208,215,243,266],"be":[4],"a":[5,106],"key":[6],"characteristic":[7],"of":[8,21,24,111,130,153,251,270,277,284],"cyber":[9,25,53,107,154,217,239,245,278],"conflict.":[10],"Indeed,":[11,197],"existing":[12],"accounts":[13],"in":[14,43,55,212,241,247,256,287],"the":[15,19,22,30,64,87,100,128,158,172,179,193,206,229,248,257,263,268,275,281],"literature":[16],"focus":[17,28],"on":[18,49,228,237],"advantages":[20,129],"non-disclosure":[23],"attacks.":[26],"Such":[27],"inspires":[29],"expectation":[31],"that":[32,66,160,200],"countries":[33,123],"would":[34],"opt":[35],"maintain":[37],"covertness.":[38,91],"This":[39],"hypothesis":[40],"rejected":[42],"an":[44,84,185],"empirical":[45,271],"investigation":[46,85],"we":[47,198,232],"conducted":[48],"victims'":[50],"strategies":[51],"during":[52],"conflict:":[54],"numerous":[56],"cases,":[57],"victim":[58],"states":[59,96,285],"choose":[60,124],"publicly":[62,104],"reveal":[63,157],"fact":[65,159],"they":[67,133,146,161],"had":[68,162],"been":[69,163],"attacked.":[70,164],"These":[71],"counterintuitive":[72],"findings":[73],"are":[74],"important":[75],"empirically,":[76],"but":[77],"even":[78,189],"more":[79,190],"so":[80,191,261],"theoretically.":[81],"They":[82],"motivate":[83,95],"into":[86,99],"decision":[88],"forsake":[90],"What":[92],"does":[93],"actually":[94],"move":[98],"international":[101,142,258],"arena":[102],"and":[103,118,137,171,178,205,253,280],"expose":[105],"attack?":[108],"The":[109],"goal":[110],"this":[112,288],"paper":[113],"understand":[116],"why":[117],"under":[119,222],"which":[120],"geopolitical":[121],"circumstances":[122],"give":[126],"up":[127],"anonymity.":[131],"Whether":[132],"wish":[134],"Name":[136],"Shame":[138],"opponents":[139],"for":[140,273],"ignoring":[141],"norms":[143],"or":[144],"whether":[145],"try":[147],"avoid":[149],"public":[150],"humiliation,":[151],"victims":[152,214],"attacks":[155,218,240],"occasionally":[156],"There":[165],"tension":[167],"between":[168],"such":[169,223],"motivations":[170],"will":[173],"protect":[175],"intelligence":[176],"sources":[177],"incentives":[180],"prevent":[182],"escalation":[183],"if":[184,192],"attack":[186],"revealed,":[188],"attacker":[194],"exposed.":[196],"find":[199],"sunk":[201],"costs,":[202],"counter-escalation":[203],"risks":[204],"need":[207],"signal":[209],"resolve-while":[210],"critical":[211],"motivating":[213],"keep":[216],"secret-may":[219],"not":[220],"suffice":[221],"specific":[224],"circumstances.":[225],"By":[226],"focusing":[227],"victim's":[230],"side,":[231],"draw":[233],"inspiration":[234],"from":[235],"data":[236,272],"real-world":[238],"order":[242],"place":[244],"operations":[246],"larger":[249],"context":[250],"secrecy":[252],"covert":[254],"actions":[255],"arena.":[259],"In":[260],"doing,":[262],"aim":[264],"advance":[267],"use":[269],"understanding":[274],"dynamics":[276],"conflict":[279],"decision-making":[282],"process":[283],"operating":[286],"increasingly":[289],"complex":[290],"domain.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}