{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116690121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481","title":"Investigating Middlebox Deployment and Characteristics in Dutch Autonomous Systems","display_name":"Investigating Middlebox Deployment and Characteristics in Dutch Autonomous Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116690121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/6be18904-4f88-4b82-8e83-54a6f8269191","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118981028","display_name":"Bulut Ulukapi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5619-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bulut Ulukapi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025537461","display_name":"Anna Sperotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9481-5846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Sperotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005480813","display_name":"Ralph Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Enschede,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49212264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.4659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.4659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.1535000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.06159999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7993000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-system","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-management","display_name":"Network management","score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3441999852657318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7993000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9628104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788009","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm67658.2025.11297481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/6be18904-4f88-4b82-8e83-54a6f8269191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/6be18904-4f88-4b82-8e83-54a6f8269191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ulukapi, B, Sperotto, A & Holz, R 2025, Investigating Middlebox Deployment and Characteristics in Dutch Autonomous Systems. in 2025 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM). IEEE, 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management, CNSM 2025, Bologna, Italy, 27/10/25.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/6be18904-4f88-4b82-8e83-54a6f8269191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/6be18904-4f88-4b82-8e83-54a6f8269191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ulukapi, B, Sperotto, A & Holz, R 2025, Investigating Middlebox Deployment and Characteristics in Dutch Autonomous Systems. in 2025 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM). IEEE, 21st International Conference on Network and Service Management, CNSM 2025, Bologna, Italy, 27/10/25.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4721028208732605,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1786840554","https://openalex.org/W1823805418","https://openalex.org/W1888416688","https://openalex.org/W1981800388","https://openalex.org/W2074028702","https://openalex.org/W2078318318","https://openalex.org/W2079537365","https://openalex.org/W2106252188","https://openalex.org/W2130850880","https://openalex.org/W2144241614","https://openalex.org/W2267701438","https://openalex.org/W2292706249","https://openalex.org/W2730259318","https://openalex.org/W3162552538","https://openalex.org/W4237599358","https://openalex.org/W4253165142","https://openalex.org/W4383217986","https://openalex.org/W4386041990","https://openalex.org/W4386365376","https://openalex.org/W4386864716","https://openalex.org/W4387880605","https://openalex.org/W4412408510","https://openalex.org/W4413886605"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Middleboxes":[0],"shape":[1],"modern":[2],"network":[3,17,48,172],"behavior":[4,32,156],"by":[5,39],"enforcing":[6],"security":[7],"policies":[8],"and":[9,19,31,57,63,70,82,95,110,129,157,164,170],"optimizing":[10],"traffic,":[11],"but":[12],"their":[13],"opaque":[14],"operations":[15],"reduce":[16],"transparency":[18],"complicate":[20],"digital":[21,58],"sovereignty":[22],"efforts.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"study,":[26],"we":[27,66],"analyze":[28],"middlebox":[29,155],"deployment":[30],"across":[33],"Dutch":[34,85],"Autonomous":[35],"Systems":[36],"(ASes),":[37],"motivated":[38],"the":[40,44,108,139,148,159],"strategic":[41],"position":[42],"of":[43,123,150],"Netherlands":[45],"in":[46],"European":[47],"infrastructure.":[49,173],"We":[50],"classify":[51],"ASes":[52,69,102,112],"into":[53],"sectorsgovernmental,":[54],"private,":[55],"educational,":[56],"infrastructureand":[59],"using":[60],"active":[61],"probing":[62],"third-party":[64],"datasets,":[65],"examined":[67],"989":[68],"5.1":[71],"million":[72],"IPs,":[73],"identified":[74],"310":[75],"middleboxes,":[76],"with":[77,120],"high":[78],"confidence,":[79],"registered":[80],"to":[81,138,167],"located":[83],"within":[84],"ASes.":[86],"Our":[87,145],"results":[88],"reveal":[89],"several":[90],"sector-specific":[91],"interference":[92],"patterns.":[93],"ISPs":[94],"hosting":[96],"providers":[97],"show":[98],"diverse":[99],"modifications,":[100],"governmental":[101],"exhibit":[103],"consistent":[104],"policy":[105],"enforcement":[106],"at":[107],"edge,":[109],"private":[111],"adopt":[113],"hybrid":[114],"strategies,":[115],"combining":[116],"TCP":[117,124],"option":[118],"stripping":[119],"deeper":[121],"manipulation":[122],"state.":[125],"Exposed":[126],"management":[127],"interfaces":[128],"outdated":[130],"software":[131],"further":[132],"increase":[133],"operational":[134],"risks,":[135],"whether":[136],"tied":[137],"middleboxes":[140],"themselves":[141],"or":[142],"co-located":[143],"devices.":[144],"findings":[146],"highlight":[147],"value":[149],"AS-level":[151],"investigation":[152],"for":[153,161],"understanding":[154],"underscore":[158],"need":[160],"proactive":[162],"auditing":[163],"secure":[165],"configuration":[166],"support":[168],"resilient":[169],"sovereign":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-12-22T00:00:00"}