{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310731502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646","title":"HSFL: An Efficient Split Federated Learning Framework via Hierarchical Organization","display_name":"HSFL: An Efficient Split Federated Learning Framework via Hierarchical Organization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310731502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 18th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075788878","display_name":"Tengxi Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengxi Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037386169","display_name":"Yongheng Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3010-3812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongheng Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101752867","display_name":"Sheng Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3416-8181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,Changsha,China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,Changsha,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101723460","display_name":"Junyi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7795-9357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong,School of Science and Engineering,Shenzhen,China","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong,School of Science and Engineering,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015419107","display_name":"Ju Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-183X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069049205","display_name":"Yaoxue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-461X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoxue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Computer Science and Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9417999982833862,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8710408210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6920323371887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.6173650622367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5663471817970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5473275184631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5260453224182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41267508268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3652048110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.18336716294288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10942035913467407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8710408210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6920323371887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.6173650622367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5663471817970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5473275184631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5260453224182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41267508268356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3652048110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.18336716294288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10942035913467407}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm55787.2022.9964646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 18th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118404561","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2321707316","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2783833771","https://openalex.org/W2920095265","https://openalex.org/W2954124071","https://openalex.org/W2962788286","https://openalex.org/W2963209930","https://openalex.org/W2964162474","https://openalex.org/W3001989995","https://openalex.org/W3006360344","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3037582816","https://openalex.org/W3037871107","https://openalex.org/W3037913917","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3091635927","https://openalex.org/W3091884625","https://openalex.org/W3094368349","https://openalex.org/W3105915864","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3155189475","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3155963862","https://openalex.org/W3156310591","https://openalex.org/W3156467244","https://openalex.org/W3156818449","https://openalex.org/W3159080474","https://openalex.org/W3186504573","https://openalex.org/W3203177227","https://openalex.org/W3203505583","https://openalex.org/W3204548382","https://openalex.org/W3210103168","https://openalex.org/W3213008925","https://openalex.org/W4200406332","https://openalex.org/W4287812080","https://openalex.org/W4294106961","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6771536673","https://openalex.org/W6775817643","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6804950124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4385326140","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W3122851392","https://openalex.org/W3122800671","https://openalex.org/W4250708772","https://openalex.org/W4288862737","https://openalex.org/W1984769753","https://openalex.org/W2129713739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,12,46,132],"(FL)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,49,63,128,149,164,179],"popular":[7],"paradigm":[8],"for":[9,29,34,66,77],"distributed":[10],"machine":[11],"among":[13],"vast":[14],"clients.":[15,120,190],"Unfortunately,":[16],"resource-constrained":[17,73],"clients":[18,55,74],"often":[19],"fail":[20],"to":[21,38,62,91,156,173,182,215],"participate":[22],"in":[23,53,100,208],"FL":[24,51],"because":[25],"they":[26],"cannot":[27],"pay":[28],"the":[30,88,115,144,158,185],"memory":[31,41],"resources":[32,188],"required":[33],"model":[35,60,96,138],"training":[36,61,69,106,160,200],"due":[37],"their":[39],"limited":[40],"or":[42],"bandwidth.":[43],"Split":[44],"federated":[45,131],"(SFL)":[47],"is":[48],"novel":[50],"framework":[52,133],"which":[54,98],"commit":[56],"intermediate":[57,93],"results":[58,94,99],"of":[59,70,119,189,210],"cloud":[64,89],"server":[65,90],"client-server":[67],"collaborative":[68],"models,":[71],"making":[72],"also":[75],"eligible":[76],"FL.":[78],"However,":[79],"existing":[80],"SFL":[81,137],"frameworks":[82],"mostly":[83],"require":[84],"frequent":[85],"communication":[86,102],"with":[87,184],"exchange":[92],"and":[95,104,162,194,206,212],"parameters,":[97],"significant":[101],"overhead":[103],"elongated":[105],"time.":[107],"In":[108],"particular,":[109],"this":[110,123],"can":[111],"be":[112],"exacerbated":[113],"by":[114],"imbalanced":[116],"data":[117],"distributions":[118],"To":[121],"tackle":[122],"issue,":[124],"we":[125,147,177,192],"propose":[126],"HSFL,":[127],"hierarchical":[129,140],"split":[130],"that":[134],"efficiently":[135],"trains":[136],"through":[139],"organization":[141],"participants.":[142],"Under":[143],"HSFL":[145,196],"framework,":[146],"formulate":[148],"Cloud":[150],"Aggregation":[151],"Time":[152],"Minimization":[153],"(CATM)":[154],"problem":[155],"minimize":[157],"global":[159],"time":[161],"design":[163],"light-weight":[165],"client":[166],"assignment":[167],"algorithm":[168],"based":[169],"on":[170,197,203],"dynamic":[171,186],"programming":[172],"solve":[174],"it.":[175],"Moreover,":[176],"develop":[178],"self-adaption":[180],"approach":[181],"cope":[183],"computational":[187],"Finally,":[191],"implement":[193],"evaluate":[195],"various":[198],"real-world":[199],"tasks,":[201],"elaborating":[202],"its":[204],"effectiveness":[205],"superiority":[207],"terms":[209],"efficiency":[211],"accuracy":[213],"compared":[214],"baselines.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}