{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207591388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","title":"Network Traffic Characteristics of Machine Learning Frameworks Under the Microscope","display_name":"Network Traffic Characteristics of Machine Learning Frameworks Under the Microscope","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207591388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","mag":"3207591388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1619741","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083915191","display_name":"Johannes Zerwas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-7305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Zerwas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084311957","display_name":"Kaan Aykurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaan Aykurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066080641","display_name":"Stefan Schmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-1711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133470","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt2gs44","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (SIT), Germany","TU Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (SIT), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010345569","display_name":"Andreas Blenk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2001-4050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Blenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083915191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.14,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57155444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"207","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.8309152722358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7846231460571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.505544900894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4530952572822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4432452619075775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.420086532831192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38379329442977905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.8309152722358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7846231460571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.505544900894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4530952572822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4432452619075775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.420086532831192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38379329442977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cnsm52442.2021.9615524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-645653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-645653.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer SIT","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1619741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1619741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/413420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/413420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1619741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1619741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1825216778","https://openalex.org/W2132862423","https://openalex.org/W2162390675","https://openalex.org/W2186615578","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2593649365","https://openalex.org/W2774000609","https://openalex.org/W2805220126","https://openalex.org/W2898319404","https://openalex.org/W2919632853","https://openalex.org/W2922527104","https://openalex.org/W2936292465","https://openalex.org/W2962758826","https://openalex.org/W2962863496","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963403751","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2972087877","https://openalex.org/W2981114289","https://openalex.org/W2991040477","https://openalex.org/W3000032064","https://openalex.org/W3004511899","https://openalex.org/W3009595907","https://openalex.org/W3012125688","https://openalex.org/W3044837714","https://openalex.org/W3046344355","https://openalex.org/W3047002910","https://openalex.org/W3096403968","https://openalex.org/W3097108668","https://openalex.org/W3103417206","https://openalex.org/W3106918569","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3124352525","https://openalex.org/W3129831491","https://openalex.org/W3136730397","https://openalex.org/W3137135510","https://openalex.org/W3153854431","https://openalex.org/W3210859328","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4301239768","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6683124362","https://openalex.org/W6683722107","https://openalex.org/W6686509673","https://openalex.org/W6739693220","https://openalex.org/W6745458143","https://openalex.org/W6746839373","https://openalex.org/W6748645090","https://openalex.org/W6754818105","https://openalex.org/W6756718674","https://openalex.org/W6758283263","https://openalex.org/W6760703128","https://openalex.org/W6760882819","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6784425352","https://openalex.org/W6784836957","https://openalex.org/W6792106764","https://openalex.org/W6794216301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"computational":[1],"demands":[2],"of":[3,43,114],"complex":[4],"deep":[5],"learning":[6,20],"models":[7],"led":[8],"to":[9,81,86],"workload":[10,32],"distribution":[11],"across":[12,58],"multiple":[13,94],"machines.":[14],"Many":[15],"frameworks":[16,63],"for":[17,30,118],"distributed":[18],"machine":[19],"(DML)":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"developed":[24],"and":[25,39,76,91,109],"are":[26,69],"employed":[27],"in":[28],"practice":[29],"orchestrating":[31],"distribution.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"analyze":[38],"compare":[40],"network":[41,84],"behaviors":[42],"three":[44],"widely":[45],"used":[46],"state-of-the-art":[47],"DML":[48,88,116],"frameworks.":[49,60],"The":[50],"study":[51],"reveals":[52],"that":[53],"traffic":[54,85,107,117],"can":[55,101],"largely":[56],"vary":[57],"the":[59,83,87,103,112],"While":[61],"some":[62],"exhibit":[64],"well":[65],"predictable":[66],"patterns,":[67],"others":[68],"less":[70],"structured.":[71],"We":[72],"further":[73],"explore":[74],"whether":[75],"how":[77],"it":[78],"is":[79],"possible":[80],"relate":[82],"jobs'":[89],"attributes,":[90],"present":[92],"a":[93],"linear":[95],"regression":[96],"model":[97],"accordingly.":[98],"Our":[99],"results":[100],"inform":[102],"networking":[104],"community":[105],"about":[106],"characteristics":[108],"contribute":[110],"toward":[111],"generation":[113],"realistic":[115],"simulation":[119],"studies.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}