{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214745238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","title":"Estimating the Minimal Size of Training Datasets Required for the Development of Linear ECG-Lead Transformations","display_name":"Estimating the Minimal Size of Training Datasets Required for the Development of Linear ECG-Lead Transformations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214745238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","mag":"3214745238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/c1472c93-4926-490b-8ea7-354a3af4ad38","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015163302","display_name":"Daniel Guldenring","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802623092","display_name":"Kempten University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02m4p8096","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Guldenring","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Kempten, Germany","HS Kempten, Kempten, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Kempten, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HS Kempten, Kempten, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802623092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022128911","display_name":"Ali Rababah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-635X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Rababah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010420002","display_name":"Dewar Finlay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-6070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewar D Finlay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Raymond R Bond","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond R Bond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062447143","display_name":"Alan Kennedy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-3535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Kennedy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015639132","display_name":"Michael Jennings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-0003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045425207","display_name":"Khaled Rjoob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-2323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Rjoob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045151799","display_name":"James McLaughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-8971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James McLaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4633,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60839161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.6337534189224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.6069869995117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5680140256881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.5570430159568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5257785320281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4202733337879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4183443784713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.41332221031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3791062831878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30619674921035767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.6337534189224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.6069869995117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5680140256881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5570430159568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5257785320281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4202733337879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4183443784713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41332221031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3791062831878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30619674921035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/c1472c93-4926-490b-8ea7-354a3af4ad38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/c1472c93-4926-490b-8ea7-354a3af4ad38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Guldenring, D, Rababah, A, Finlay, D, Bond, RR, Kennedy, A, Jennings, M, Rjoob, K & McLaughlin, J 2022, Estimating the Minimal Size of Training Datasets Required for the Development of Linear ECG-Lead Transformations. in 2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC). IEEE, pp. 1-4, Computing in Cardiology 2021, Brno, Czech Republic, 12/09/21. https://doi.org/10.23919/CinC53138.2021.9662930","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/c1472c93-4926-490b-8ea7-354a3af4ad38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/c1472c93-4926-490b-8ea7-354a3af4ad38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Guldenring, D, Rababah, A, Finlay, D, Bond, RR, Kennedy, A, Jennings, M, Rjoob, K & McLaughlin, J 2022, Estimating the Minimal Size of Training Datasets Required for the Development of Linear ECG-Lead Transformations. in 2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC). IEEE, pp. 1-4, Computing in Cardiology 2021, Brno, Czech Republic, 12/09/21. https://doi.org/10.23919/CinC53138.2021.9662930","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1418754563","https://openalex.org/W1936273765","https://openalex.org/W1994305750","https://openalex.org/W2006081856","https://openalex.org/W2049508112","https://openalex.org/W2064958328","https://openalex.org/W2076036962","https://openalex.org/W2114061126","https://openalex.org/W2143930899","https://openalex.org/W2286000959","https://openalex.org/W2992941881","https://openalex.org/W3015226328","https://openalex.org/W3099085560","https://openalex.org/W6677270484","https://openalex.org/W6808300768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255463199","https://openalex.org/W2411039299","https://openalex.org/W1856410221","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2318949977","https://openalex.org/W2334139353","https://openalex.org/W4281691423","https://openalex.org/W4243014959","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2551249631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Linear":[0],"electrocardiographic":[1],"lead":[2],"transformations":[3],"(LELTs)":[4],"are":[5,25],"used":[6,107,127],"to":[7,19,73,157],"estimate":[8,51],"unrecorded":[9,198],"ECG":[10,99,193,199],"leads":[11,18,121],"by":[12],"applying":[13],"a":[14,20,29,46,102,137,180],"number":[15],"of":[16,34,45,52,60,69,88,101,111,122,131,140,146,154,167,183,197],"recorded":[17,117],"LELT":[21,47,80,94],"matrix.":[22,48],"Such":[23],"matrices":[24,81,95],"commonly":[26],"developed":[27],"using":[28],"training":[30,36,91,142,169,176],"dataset.":[31,143,170],"The":[32,67,93,144],"size":[33,55,139,166,182],"the":[35,42,53,58,97,109,123,129,132,141,147,165,168,175,191,195],"dataset":[37,104,125,177],"has":[38,62],"an":[39,50,76,151],"influence":[40],"on":[41],"estimation":[43,110,133,196],"performance":[44,134,145],"However,":[49],"minimal":[54,181],"required":[56],"for":[57,108,128,194],"development":[59],"LELTs":[61,148,188],"previously":[63],"not":[64],"been":[65],"reported.":[66],"aim":[68],"this":[70],"research":[71],"was":[72],"determine":[74],"such":[75],"estimate.":[77],"We":[78],"generated":[79],"from":[82],"differently":[83],"sized":[84],"(from$n=10$to$n=540$subjects":[85],"in":[86,164],"steps":[87],"10":[89],"subjects)":[90],"datasets.":[92],"and":[96,118],"12-lead":[98,192],"data":[100],"testing":[103,124],"($n=186$subjects)":[105],"were":[106,126],"Frank":[112,120],"VCGs.":[113],"Root-mean-squared-error":[114],"values":[115],"between":[116],"estimated":[119],"quantification":[130],"associated":[135],"with":[136,161],"given":[138],"was,":[149],"after":[150],"initial":[152],"phase":[153],"improvement,":[155],"found":[156],"only":[158],"marginally":[159],"improve":[160],"additional":[162],"increases":[163],"Our":[171],"findings":[172],"suggest":[173],"that":[174,189],"should":[178],"have":[179],"170":[184],"subjects":[185],"when":[186],"developing":[187],"utilise":[190],"leads.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}