{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205723855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850","title":"A Fast Algorithm for Facilitating Heartbeat Annotation in Long-Term ECG Signals","display_name":"A Fast Algorithm for Facilitating Heartbeat Annotation in Long-Term ECG Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205723855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026737572","display_name":"Ana Santos Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-8192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151256","display_name":"Kaunas University of Applied Engineering Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05450rm96","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151256"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana Santos Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","Biomedical Engineering Institute, KTU, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, KTU, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060855236","display_name":"Mantas Luko\u0161evi\u010dius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-285X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mantas Lukosevicius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011821369","display_name":"Vaidotas Marozas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6879-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaidotas Marozas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","Electronics Engineering Department, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology,Kaunas,Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Engineering Department, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026737572"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986","https://openalex.org/I4210151256"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20530973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807573676109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.7360599637031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6893683075904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.61204993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5726209878921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5691428184509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5410112738609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-beat","display_name":"Heart beat","score":0.5191973447799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4928267300128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45885494351387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45878154039382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42332717776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41145771741867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33980047702789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11903694272041321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807573676109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.7360599637031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6893683075904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.61204993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5726209878921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5691428184509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5410112738609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982892191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253408","display_name":"Heart beat","level":2,"score":0.5191973447799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4928267300128937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45885494351387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45878154039382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42332717776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41145771741867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33980047702789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11903694272041321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993332189","https://openalex.org/W2017487767","https://openalex.org/W2071608974","https://openalex.org/W2113586398","https://openalex.org/W2164274563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023307904","https://openalex.org/W3049706288","https://openalex.org/W2129251763","https://openalex.org/W1621257839","https://openalex.org/W2025937784","https://openalex.org/W2013528891","https://openalex.org/W2802178654","https://openalex.org/W2118307209","https://openalex.org/W3011853341","https://openalex.org/W2036775971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine-learning":[0],"models":[1],"for":[2,29,110,131],"automatic":[3],"interpretation":[4],"of":[5,61,73,81,84,108],"ECG":[6,32,146],"signals":[7],"require":[8],"properly":[9],"labeled":[10],"datasets.":[11],"However,":[12],"manual":[13],"annotation":[14],"is":[15,87,137],"arduous":[16],"and":[17,34,75,95,105,118,139,150],"time-consuming,":[18],"particularly":[19],"in":[20,122],"long-term":[21,31,145],"recordings.":[22],"We":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,59,103,128],"fast":[26],"semiautomatic":[27],"algorithm":[28,101,136],"facilitating":[30],"analysis":[33,149],"annotation,":[35],"free":[36],"from":[37],"fatigue-caused":[38],"errors":[39],"or":[40],"exorbitantly":[41],"long":[42],"computations.":[43],"Heartbeats":[44],"are":[45],"compressed":[46],"to":[47,142],"short":[48],"strings":[49],"using":[50],"Symbolic":[51],"Aggregation":[52],"approXimation":[53],"(SAX).":[54],"Every":[55],"unique":[56],"string":[57],"becomes":[58],"pre-cluster":[60,86],"all":[62],"the":[63,71,98,114],"beats":[64,83],"represented":[65],"by":[66,97],"this":[67],"string,":[68],"dramatically":[69],"reducing":[70],"amount":[72],"memory":[74],"computations":[76],"required.":[77],"Next,":[78],"hierarchical":[79],"clustering":[80],"signal-averaged":[82],"every":[85],"performed.":[88],"Clusters":[89],"can":[90],"then":[91],"be":[92],"conveniently":[93],"analyzed":[94],"annotated":[96],"researcher.":[99],"Our":[100],"shows":[102],"precision":[104],"Fowlkes-Mallows":[106],"index":[107],"0.91":[109],"both":[111],"metrics":[112],"on":[113,120,127],"Physionet's":[115],"MIT-BIH":[116],"database,":[117],"runs,":[119],"average,":[121],"less":[123],"than":[124],"one":[125],"hour":[126],"modern":[129],"PC":[130],"three-day-long":[132],"ECGs.":[133],"The":[134],"proposed":[135],"accurate":[138],"efficient":[140],"enough":[141],"facilitate":[143],"practical":[144],"signal":[147],"beat":[148],"annotation.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}