{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206234577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674","title":"Respiratory Rate Estimation Using the Photoplethysmogram: Towards the Implementation in Wearables","display_name":"Respiratory Rate Estimation Using the Photoplethysmogram: Towards the Implementation in Wearables","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206234577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002531065","display_name":"J Kozumpl\u00edk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiri Kozumplik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054751317","display_name":"Luk\u00e1\u0161 Smital","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-4626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Smital","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044972699","display_name":"Andrea N\u011bmcov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-7057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Nemcova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088478548","display_name":"Marina Ronzhina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Ronzhina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089605166","display_name":"Radovan Sm\u00ed\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-3604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124512","display_name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Instruments","ror":"https://ror.org/027taah18","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202391551","https://openalex.org/I4210124512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radovan Smisek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041637169","display_name":"Lucie Mar\u0161\u00e1nov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-4814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucie Marsanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044376595","display_name":"Martin Kr\u00e1lik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1676-5692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kralik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054627672","display_name":"Martin V\u00edtek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8059-1087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Vitek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002531065"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66632679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7058030366897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.5575027465820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.549094557762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4702792465686798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-rate","display_name":"Respiratory rate","score":0.467756986618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4551730751991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39417728781700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3638131022453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35404127836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3255431652069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15129125118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13130348920822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.08467662334442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.07981696724891663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7058030366897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.5575027465820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.549094557762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4702792465686798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8213797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754250","display_name":"Respiratory rate","level":4,"score":0.467756986618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4551730751991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39417728781700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3638131022453308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35404127836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3255431652069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15129125118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13130348920822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.08467662334442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.07981696724891663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605378","display_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2958211565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N62909-19-1-2006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986140989","https://openalex.org/W2027737698","https://openalex.org/W2114950466","https://openalex.org/W2115431794","https://openalex.org/W2124106073","https://openalex.org/W2532948164","https://openalex.org/W2552408385","https://openalex.org/W2760212863","https://openalex.org/W2937543702","https://openalex.org/W3014223730","https://openalex.org/W3043705551","https://openalex.org/W3082052804","https://openalex.org/W6761898732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989270564","https://openalex.org/W2294459407","https://openalex.org/W1930005563","https://openalex.org/W4367040707","https://openalex.org/W2970617416","https://openalex.org/W2323865216","https://openalex.org/W2936194951","https://openalex.org/W2124106073","https://openalex.org/W2137633301","https://openalex.org/W2894862029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Respiratory":[0],"rate":[1],"(RR)":[2],"is":[3,85,114,171],"one":[4],"of":[5,29,79,101,118,133],"the":[6,14,80,102,119,143,145,164,172,191],"most":[7,165],"important":[8],"physiological":[9],"parameters.":[10],"In":[11,46],"recent":[12],"years,":[13],"RR":[15,50,83,112,134,153,173],"estimation":[16,51,84,113,174],"from":[17],"PPGs":[18,32],"widely":[19],"used":[20],"in":[21,34,64],"smart":[22],"devices":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"promoted.":[26],"The":[27,66,82,111,131,161,179],"effect":[28],"respiration":[30],"on":[31,87,116,176],"manifests":[33],"three":[35],"ways:":[36],"BW":[37,67,88,91],"(intensity":[38],"variation),":[39,42],"AM":[40,103,120],"(amplitude":[41],"FM":[43],"(frequency":[44],"variation).":[45],"addition":[47],"to":[48,137],"sophisticated":[49],"methods,":[52],"reliable":[53],"results":[54],"can":[55,73],"be":[56,74],"achieved":[57],"with":[58],"simple":[59],"and":[60,95,109,126,148,163],"efficient":[61],"methods":[62],"implementable":[63],"wearables.":[65],"signal":[68,70,121],"(respiratory":[69],"estimation,":[71],"RS)":[72],"obtained":[75],"by":[76],"linear":[77],"filtering":[78],"PPG.":[81],"based":[86,115,175],"extremes":[89,93,107,117],"(sBW),":[90],"autocorrelation":[92,124],"(aBW)":[94],"their":[96,127],"spectra":[97,128],"(SBW,":[98],"ABW).":[99],"Estimation":[100],"RS":[104],"requires":[105],"PPG":[106],"detection":[108],"interpolation.":[110],"(sAM),":[122],"its":[123],"(aAM)":[125],"(SAM,":[129],"AAM).":[130],"fusion":[132],"estimates":[135,154],"leads":[136],"more":[138],"robust":[139],"results.":[140],"To":[141],"test":[142],"algorithms,":[144],"annotated":[146],"BIDMC":[147],"CapnoBase":[149],"Datasets":[150],"were":[151,155],"used.":[152],"made":[156],"for":[157,168,190],"60":[158],"s":[159],"sections.":[160],"simplest":[162],"accurate":[166],"method":[167],"both":[169],"datasets":[170],"sBW":[177],"(RsBW).":[178],"median":[180],"absolute":[181,195],"error":[182,196],"was":[183,197],"0.40":[184],"(0.16-1.09":[185],"interquartile":[186],"range":[187],"25-75<sup>th</sup>)":[188],"bpm":[189],"60s":[192],"window,":[193],"mean":[194],"1.42":[198],"bpm.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}