{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413392774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541","title":"The Autonomy Loop: Today\u2019s Practices and Tomorrow\u2019s Challenges","display_name":"The Autonomy Loop: Today\u2019s Practices and Tomorrow\u2019s Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413392774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027306098","display_name":"Alberto Speranzon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-2901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Speranzon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104004214","display_name":"Srivatsan Varadarajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srivatsan Varadarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119374852","display_name":"Alec Yenawine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alec Yenawine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035174389","display_name":"James A. Ramsey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Ramsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119374853","display_name":"Luke H. DeGalan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke H. DeGalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119374854","display_name":"Gregory S. Grebe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory S. Grebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057998350","display_name":"Kingsley Fregene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4704-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kingsley Fregene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119374855","display_name":"Daniel W. Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel W. Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065852809","display_name":"Michael A. Niestroy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Niestroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068464896","display_name":"Jerry L. Franke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry L. Franke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073082874","display_name":"Andrzej Banaszuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Banaszuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Corporation,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027306098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21650379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1566","last_page":"1580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14437","display_name":"Ethics and Legal Issues in Pediatric Healthcare","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.659145712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.559912383556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4298285245895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2966437339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12593987584114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09429970383644104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.659145712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.559912383556366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4298285245895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2966437339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12593987584114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09429970383644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc63710.2025.11107541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498891331","https://openalex.org/W1971086298","https://openalex.org/W1978100913","https://openalex.org/W1991590213","https://openalex.org/W1994901326","https://openalex.org/W2015996585","https://openalex.org/W2030021468","https://openalex.org/W2040475541","https://openalex.org/W2041147344","https://openalex.org/W2078129304","https://openalex.org/W2116647221","https://openalex.org/W2127578024","https://openalex.org/W2133844819","https://openalex.org/W2136635985","https://openalex.org/W2137052305","https://openalex.org/W2142175015","https://openalex.org/W2146881125","https://openalex.org/W2293509456","https://openalex.org/W2323551295","https://openalex.org/W2461937780","https://openalex.org/W2556282465","https://openalex.org/W2608726595","https://openalex.org/W2811472820","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3039925688","https://openalex.org/W3090360675","https://openalex.org/W3091687063","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3108251226","https://openalex.org/W3113149630","https://openalex.org/W3176974620","https://openalex.org/W3217067389","https://openalex.org/W4205950066","https://openalex.org/W4223426425","https://openalex.org/W4236076921","https://openalex.org/W4254396218","https://openalex.org/W4286697961","https://openalex.org/W4382998579","https://openalex.org/W4390719155","https://openalex.org/W4393372075","https://openalex.org/W4399563158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W24774503","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"systems":[1],"are":[2],"the":[3,11,27,47,71,80,93,96,99,105],"quintessential":[4],"representation":[5],"of":[6,21,84,95,98,104],"a":[7,19,123],"feedback":[8],"loop.":[9],"Despite":[10],"area,":[12],"in":[13,102],"many":[14],"ways,":[15],"still":[16],"strongly":[17],"evolving,":[18],"lot":[20],"progress":[22],"has":[23],"been":[24,35],"made":[25],"over":[26],"last":[28],"few":[29],"decades":[30],"and":[31,40,55,65,75,88,115,118],"critical":[32],"methods":[33,121],"have":[34],"developed":[36],"to":[37,53,91],"design,":[38],"analyze":[39],"implement":[41],"autonomy.In":[42],"this":[43,90],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"describe":[46,62,119],"key":[48],"technical":[49],"approaches":[50,101],"currently":[51],"used":[52],"develop":[54],"deploy":[56],"autonomous":[57,86],"systems,":[58],"as":[59,61,79],"well":[60],"new":[63],"trends":[64],"research":[66],"directions.The":[67],"paper":[68],"will":[69,109],"use":[70,89],"Observe,":[72],"Orient,":[73],"Decide,":[74],"Act":[76],"(OODA)":[77],"loop":[78],"prototypical":[81],"functional":[82,106],"model":[83],"an":[85],"system,":[87],"guide":[92],"description":[94],"state":[97],"art":[100],"each":[103],"blocks.":[107],"We":[108],"also":[110],"touch":[111],"upon":[112],"verification,":[113],"validation":[114],"assurance":[116],"aspects":[117],"implementation":[120],"from":[122],"system":[124],"engineering":[125],"perspective.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}