{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382936281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102","title":"A Tutorial on Real-Time Computing Issues for Control Systems","display_name":"A Tutorial on Real-Time Computing Issues for Control Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382936281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019043928","display_name":"Daniel Y. Abramovitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5914-926X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138285227","display_name":"Agilent Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02tryst02","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138285227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Y. Abramovitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agilent Technologies,Santa Clara,CA,USA","Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agilent Technologies,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138285227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138285227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081816980","display_name":"Sean B. Andersson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-3507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Andersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University,Boston,MA,USA","Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University,Boston,MA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027538794","display_name":"Kam K. Leang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1189-1673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kam K. Leang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah,Salt Lake City,UT,USA","University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah,Salt Lake City,UT,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045891617","display_name":"William S. Nagel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-4562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138659443","display_name":"Widener University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nsyd297","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138659443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Nagel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Widener University,Chester,PA,USA","Widener University, Chester, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Widener University,Chester,PA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138659443"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Widener University, Chester, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138659443"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010862095","display_name":"Shalom Ruben","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shalom Ruben","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado,Boulder,CA,USA","University of Colorado, Boulder, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado,Boulder,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60638783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3751","last_page":"3768"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.792131781578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.7239983081817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-loop","display_name":"Feedback loop","score":0.49159345030784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.4333478808403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37239712476730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.35981810092926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20264390110969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10275223851203918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.792131781578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.7239983081817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186886427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441213","display_name":"Feedback loop","level":2,"score":0.49159345030784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.4333478808403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37239712476730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.35981810092926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20264390110969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10275223851203918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65153156","https://openalex.org/W1487585609","https://openalex.org/W1494691300","https://openalex.org/W1513810370","https://openalex.org/W1552300625","https://openalex.org/W1588644799","https://openalex.org/W1595944455","https://openalex.org/W1942379870","https://openalex.org/W1959021591","https://openalex.org/W1966284754","https://openalex.org/W2002122824","https://openalex.org/W2002219970","https://openalex.org/W2021028598","https://openalex.org/W2033880478","https://openalex.org/W2042407640","https://openalex.org/W2076420009","https://openalex.org/W2095686864","https://openalex.org/W2109313615","https://openalex.org/W2114920150","https://openalex.org/W2129450987","https://openalex.org/W2154993399","https://openalex.org/W2283952362","https://openalex.org/W2333393323","https://openalex.org/W2493902328","https://openalex.org/W2527081555","https://openalex.org/W2734412527","https://openalex.org/W2886018429","https://openalex.org/W2886201964","https://openalex.org/W2972378812","https://openalex.org/W3090587064","https://openalex.org/W3185461042","https://openalex.org/W4249058433","https://openalex.org/W4294692094","https://openalex.org/W4315630557","https://openalex.org/W6600849983","https://openalex.org/W6842530218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121182846","https://openalex.org/W2315668284","https://openalex.org/W2155789024","https://openalex.org/W3213608175","https://openalex.org/W3117675750","https://openalex.org/W2141743053","https://openalex.org/W2109491806","https://openalex.org/W3095633856","https://openalex.org/W2058044441","https://openalex.org/W1670175012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,43],"paper":[1],"presents":[2,44,131],"a":[3,11,28,63,73,88,104,122,162],"tutorial":[4,64,129],"on":[5,117],"the":[6,41,68,76,85,94,99,110,118,149],"elements":[7],"of":[8,36,60,78,87,112,148,165],"computation":[9,17,20,26],"in":[10,21,27,54,103,156,172],"real-time":[12,126,141,173],"control":[13,159],"system.":[14],"Unlike":[15],"conventional":[16],"or":[18],"even":[19],"digital":[22],"signal":[23],"processing":[24],"systems,":[25],"feedback":[29,89,105],"loop":[30,90],"must":[31],"be":[32],"sensitive":[33],"to":[34,84,108],"issues":[35],"latency":[37],"and":[38,49,115,120,134,161],"noise":[39],"around":[40],"loop.":[42],"some":[45,132,157],"fundamental":[46],"requirements,":[47],"limitations,":[48],"design":[50],"constraints":[51,86],"not":[52],"seen":[53],"other":[55],"computational":[56,101],"applications.":[57],"The":[58,128],"logic":[59],"presenting":[61],"such":[62],"is":[65],"that":[66,82,137],"while":[67],"computer":[69],"technology":[70,83],"changes":[71],"at":[72],"rapid":[74],"pace,":[75],"principles":[77],"how":[79,166],"we":[80],"match":[81],"remain":[91],"consistent":[92],"over":[93],"years.":[95],"We":[96],"will":[97],"discuss":[98],"different":[100,150],"chains":[102],"system,":[106,119],"ways":[107],"conceptualize":[109],"effects":[111],"time":[113],"delay":[114],"jitter":[116],"present":[121],"three-layer-model":[123],"for":[124,140],"programming":[125],"computations.":[127],"also":[130],"filter":[133],"state-space":[135],"structures":[136],"are":[138],"useful":[139],"computation.":[142,174],"It":[143],"concludes":[144],"with":[145],"an":[146],"overview":[147],"sample":[151],"rate":[152],"ranges":[153],"currently":[154],"used":[155],"typical":[158],"problems":[160],"short":[163],"discussion":[164],"business":[167],"models":[168],"affect":[169],"our":[170],"choices":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}