{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013630064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","title":"Real-Time Range Maximisation of Electric Vehicles through Active Cell Balancing using Model-Predictive Control","display_name":"Real-Time Range Maximisation of Electric Vehicles through Active Cell Balancing using Model-Predictive Control","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013630064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","mag":"3013630064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070865453","display_name":"F.S.J. Hoekstra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1471-7489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F.S.J. Hoekstra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062561194","display_name":"L. A. Wulf Ribelles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8035-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.A. Wulf Ribelles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046046368","display_name":"Henk Jan Bergveld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-3083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.J. Bergveld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025873475","display_name":"M.C.F. Donkers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.C.F. Donkers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9906,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75952323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2219","last_page":"2224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.7226327061653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.709051787853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6328094601631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.6244194507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5584654808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5151771306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4699704051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.44777366518974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4445553421974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-range","display_name":"Driving range","score":0.43790754675865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4350748658180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3280995786190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.32657045125961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2509630024433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10427972674369812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7226327061653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.709051787853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6328094601631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.6244194507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5584654808044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5151771306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4699704051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.44777366518974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4445553421974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3177122","display_name":"Driving range","level":4,"score":0.43790754675865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4350748658180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3280995786190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.32657045125961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2509630024433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10427972674369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147614","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/f04ab408-cf0f-4e84-9b11-0dc629d935d4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/f04ab408-cf0f-4e84-9b11-0dc629d935d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hoekstra, F S J, Wulf Ribelles, L A, Bergveld, H J & Donkers, M C F 2020, Real-time range maximisation of electric vehicles through active cell balancing using model-predictive control. in 2020 American Control Conference, ACC 2020., 9147614, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 2219-2224, 2020 American Control Conference, ACC 2020, Denver, Colorado, United States, 1/07/20. https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC45564.2020.9147614","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f04ab408-cf0f-4e84-9b11-0dc629d935d4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85089560517&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hoekstra, F S J, Wulf Ribelles, L A, Bergveld, H J & Donkers, M C F 2020, Real-time range maximisation of electric vehicles through active cell balancing using model-predictive control. in 2020 American Control Conference, ACC 2020., 9147614, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 2219-2224, 2020 American Control Conference, ACC 2020, Denver, Colorado, United States, 1/07/20. https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC45564.2020.9147614","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:tue:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f04ab408-cf0f-4e84-9b11-0dc629d935d4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/f04ab408-cf0f-4e84-9b11-0dc629d935d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2020 American Control Conference, ACC 2020, 2219 - 2224","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985986451","https://openalex.org/W2104533781","https://openalex.org/W2150740444","https://openalex.org/W2343549641","https://openalex.org/W2514684317","https://openalex.org/W2523623329","https://openalex.org/W2588219174","https://openalex.org/W2748111824","https://openalex.org/W2810527311","https://openalex.org/W2972980235","https://openalex.org/W2974962188","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W6675740164","https://openalex.org/W6768114103","https://openalex.org/W6903566209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972670369","https://openalex.org/W3033740292","https://openalex.org/W2068616146","https://openalex.org/W2106488883","https://openalex.org/W2039014988","https://openalex.org/W2742003289","https://openalex.org/W1492168837","https://openalex.org/W4220915212","https://openalex.org/W4327545682","https://openalex.org/W4393285088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,7,18,118,124,142],"the":[2,5,16,24,37,58,73,110,122,127,147,157],"factors":[3],"limiting":[4],"range":[6,100,111,140],"electric":[8],"vehicles":[9],"is":[10,54,96,113,131,149,166],"cell":[11,21,41,48],"imbalance.":[12],"This":[13,60],"means":[14],"that":[15,56],"condition":[17],"a":[19,51,63,88,99,104,116,139,163],"single":[20],"can":[22,43,137],"cause":[23],"entire":[25],"pack":[26],"to":[27,46,98,151,154],"be":[28,44,152],"shut":[29],"down,":[30],"thus":[31],"missing":[32],"out":[33],"on":[34,68,115],"energy":[35],"in":[36,126,156],"other":[38],"cells.":[39],"Active":[40],"balancing":[42,52,81],"used":[45],"overcome":[47],"imbalance,":[49],"but":[50],"strategy":[53,66,136],"required":[55],"maximises":[57],"range.":[59],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62],"real-time":[64],"active-cell-balancing":[65],"based":[67],"model-predictive":[69],"control.":[70],"To":[71],"prevent":[72],"need":[74],"for":[75],"large":[76],"prediction":[77,165],"horizons,":[78],"several":[79],"supplementary":[80],"objectives,":[82],"such":[83],"as":[84,160,162],"voltage,":[85],"SoC":[86],"and":[87,121,146],"charge-based":[89],"quantity":[90],"are":[91],"considered.":[92,167],"The":[93],"controller":[94,148],"performance":[95],"compared":[97],"benchmark,":[101],"obtained":[102],"using":[103],"method":[105],"from":[106],"previous":[107],"work.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"increase":[112,141],"demonstrated":[114],"scenario":[117],"realistic":[119],"length":[120],"influence":[123],"uncertainty":[125],"future":[128],"power":[129,158],"demand":[130],"investigated.":[132],"On":[133],"average,":[134],"this":[135],"provide":[138],"approximately":[143],"5":[144],"percent":[145],"shown":[150],"robust":[153],"uncertainties":[155],"demand,":[159],"long":[161],"worst-case":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}