{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377997253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","title":"What is the Chrominance of “Gray”?","display_name":"What is the Chrominance of “Gray”?","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377997253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/9/1/art00019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/9/1/art00019","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003241140","display_name":"Raja Bala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0142-9859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33976269","display_name":"Xerox (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/033q0mv79","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33976269","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raja Bala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Digital Imaging Technology Center , Webster , New York"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Digital Imaging Technology Center , Webster , New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33976269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003241140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33976269"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34288856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"102","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chrominance","display_name":"Chrominance","score":0.8081265091896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6140661239624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.548017144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5357417464256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.4818035960197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4669305682182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.4220898151397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4195803701877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09167954325675964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163204269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355263","display_name":"Chrominance","level":3,"score":0.8081265091896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6140661239624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.548017144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5357417464256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.4818035960197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4669305682182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4220898151397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4195803701877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09167954325675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/9/1/art00019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2001.9.1.art00019","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/9/1/art00019","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377997253.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377997253.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041408572","https://openalex.org/W2236660010","https://openalex.org/W2108936990","https://openalex.org/W1271223441","https://openalex.org/W169933180","https://openalex.org/W2127700059","https://openalex.org/W2077975751","https://openalex.org/W2111563428","https://openalex.org/W2243462516","https://openalex.org/W2496904690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,82],"study":[4],"performed":[5],"to":[6,41,53,64,146,162],"understand":[7],"preferences":[8],"and":[9,34,62,113,142],"tolerances":[10],"for":[11,67,166],"“gray”":[12],"in":[13,30,107,150],"reflection":[14],"prints.":[15],"A":[16],"psychophysical":[17],"experiment":[18],"was":[19,40],"conducted,":[20],"with":[21],"observers":[22],"looking":[23],"at":[24],"printed":[25],"targets":[26,124],"containing":[27],"near-neutral":[28],"patches":[29,46],"different":[31,36],"spatial":[32],"layouts":[33],"under":[35,125],"illuminations.":[37,72],"The":[38,73,130],"task":[39],"choose":[42],"the":[43,70,85,90,101,104,108],"patch":[44],"or":[45,98,155],"that":[47,94,136,148],"were":[48,57,76,119,133],"perceived":[49],"as":[50,81],"being":[51],"closest":[52],"gray.":[54],"Spectral":[55],"measurements":[56],"made":[58],"of":[59,69,84,89,96,103,153],"these":[60],"patches,":[61],"converted":[63],"CIELAB":[65],"coordinates":[66,88],"each":[68],"chosen":[71],"observer":[74],"responses":[75],"tallied":[77],"into":[78],"preference":[79],"histograms":[80,105],"function":[83],"(a*,":[86],"b*)":[87],"patches.":[91],"Results":[92],"show":[93],"regardless":[95],"layout":[97],"viewing":[99,128],"illumination,":[100],"peaks":[102],"occurred":[106],"quadrant":[109],"where":[110],"both":[111],"a*":[112,154],"b*":[114],"are":[115],"negative.":[116],"Follow-on":[117],"experiments":[118],"conducted":[120],"using":[121],"more":[122],"complex":[123],"less":[126],"controlled":[127],"conditions.":[129],"same":[131],"trends":[132],"observed,":[134],"indicating":[135],"people":[137],"generally":[138],"prefer":[139],"“cooler”":[140],"grays,":[141],"have":[143],"low":[144],"tolerance":[145],"errors":[147],"result":[149],"positive":[151],"values":[152],"b*.":[156],"These":[157],"observations":[158],"can":[159],"be":[160],"used":[161],"derive":[163],"robust":[164],"gray-balancing":[165],"color":[167],"output":[168],"devices.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T06:56:09.383167","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}