{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201418859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","title":"Spectral Imaging to Differentiate Contaminant Levels","display_name":"Spectral Imaging to Differentiate Contaminant Levels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201418859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","mag":"3201418859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084418377","display_name":"Min Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9602-1935"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021882285","display_name":"Qiyue Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiyue Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020910691","display_name":"Susana Diaz-Amaya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susana Diaz-Amaya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102846751","display_name":"Amanda J. Deering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-6515"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda J. Deering","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002799593","display_name":"Lia Stanciu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-0346"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lia Stanciu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013345212","display_name":"George T.\u2010C. Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-2821"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George T.-C. Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043967979","display_name":"Jan P. Allebach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5608-8249"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan P. Allebach","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084418377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1168,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39681309,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"16","first_page":"342","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.390097975730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35455334186553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.31912949681282043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.390097975730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35455334186553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31912949681282043}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2245170124","https://openalex.org/W3186982001","https://openalex.org/W2137941439","https://openalex.org/W1984402782","https://openalex.org/W2076393078","https://openalex.org/W1999913942","https://openalex.org/W2151614148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mercury":[0],"(Hg)":[1],"and":[2,36,64,148,167,183,192,208],"Arsenic":[3],"(As)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"recognized":[7],"as":[8,126],"chemical":[9],"threats":[10],"to":[11,28,88,101,112,138],"human":[12],"health.":[13],"Still,":[14],"the":[15,29,37,41,46,56,60,80,85,90,96,109,133,178,181,184,193,202,214],"detection":[16],"of":[17,32,40,59,68,154,158,177,186,216,222],"lower":[18],"contamination":[19,160],"levels":[20,74],"using":[21],"traditional":[22],"image":[23],"analysis":[24,123],"remains":[25],"challenging":[26],"due":[27],"small":[30],"number":[31],"available":[33],"data":[34,58,92],"samples":[35],"insufficient":[38],"utilization":[39],"spatial":[42],"information":[43],"contained":[44],"in":[45,106,220],"sensor":[47],"pad":[48],"images.":[49],"To":[50],"overcome":[51],"this":[52],"challenge,":[53],"we":[54,83],"use":[55,84],"spectra":[57],"colorimetric":[61],"response":[62,205],"pads":[63],"propose":[65],"two":[66,189],"kinds":[67],"classification":[69,190],"models":[70],"for":[71,206],"differentiating":[72],"contaminant":[73,115,141],"with":[75,108,132,213],"high":[76],"test":[77],"accuracy.":[78],"In":[79],"first":[81],"model,":[82,180],"SMOTE":[86],"method":[87],"solve":[89],"imbalanced":[91],"problem,":[93],"then":[94],"apply":[95],"sequential":[97],"forward":[98],"selection":[99],"algorithm":[100],"select":[102],"optimal":[103],"wavelength":[104],"features":[105],"combination":[107],"k-NN":[110],"classifier":[111,137],"discriminate":[113],"five":[114,140,159],"levels.":[116,142,161],"The":[117],"second":[118],"technique":[119,130],"comprises":[120],"principal":[121],"component":[122],"(PCA)":[124],"used":[125],"a":[127,151,223],"dimensionality":[128],"reduction":[129],"combined":[131],"random":[134],"forest":[135],"(RF)":[136],"classify":[139],"Our":[143,162],"proposed":[144,188],"system":[145,198],"is":[146],"trained":[147],"evaluated":[149],"on":[150],"limited":[152],"dataset":[153],"126":[155],"spectral":[156,196,204],"responses":[157],"algorithms":[163],"can":[164,200],"yield":[165],"77%":[166],"87%":[168],"average":[169],"accuracy,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"We":[172],"will":[173],"present":[174],"an":[175],"overview":[176],"base":[179],"pipelines":[182],"comparison":[185],"our":[187],"models,":[191],"phone-based":[194],"narrow-band":[195],"imaging":[197],"that":[199],"obtain":[201],"camera":[203,226],"accurate":[207],"precise":[209],"heavy":[210],"metals":[211],"analyses":[212],"aid":[215],"narrow":[217],"bandpass":[218],"filters":[219],"front":[221],"cell":[224],"phone\u2019s":[225],"lens.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}