{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029177538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","title":"Defining gaze tracking metrics by observing a growing divide between 2D and 3D tracking","display_name":"Defining gaze tracking metrics by observing a growing divide between 2D and 3D tracking","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029177538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","mag":"3029177538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/32/11/art00008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/32/11/art00008","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054317384","display_name":"William Andrew Blakey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162847","display_name":"Lumen (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05fexxx29","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Andrew Blakey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lumen Research Ltd; London, UK;","School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lumen Research Ltd; London, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162847"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005052027","display_name":"Stamos Katsigiannis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-0941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stamos Katsigiannis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053359665","display_name":"Navid Hajimirza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162847","display_name":"Lumen (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05fexxx29","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162847"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Hajimirza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lumen Research Ltd; London, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lumen Research Ltd; London, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162847"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080291510","display_name":"Naeem Ramzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-1462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naeem Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland; Paisley, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1488,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46424984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"11","first_page":"129","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8298728466033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7345868349075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7107175588607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6255332231521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.5910387635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.584173858165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5666635632514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5011923313140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.47236114740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10033676028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08413982391357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0656748116016388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8298728466033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7345868349075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7107175588607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6255332231521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.5910387635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.584173858165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5666635632514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5011923313140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.47236114740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10033676028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08413982391357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0656748116016388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/32/11/art00008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/f9dec2df-17d5-4074-856f-5a6c62c4de03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/f9dec2df-17d5-4074-856f-5a6c62c4de03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402572","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","host_organization_name":"University of the West of Scotland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blakey, W A, Katsigiannis, S, Hajimirza, N & Ramzan, N 2020, Defining gaze tracking metrics by observing a growing divide between 2D and 3D tracking. in IS &T Electronic Imaging 2020 : Human Vision and Electronic Imaging., 129, Proceedings, Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, Burlingame, California, United States, 26/01/20. https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2020.11.HVEI-129","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:31744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/31744/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196258","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":" IS&amp;T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging 2020 : Human vision and electronic imaging. : Society for Imaging Science and Technology, pp. 129.1-129.9","raw_type":"Book chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1139883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1139883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.11.hvei-129","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/32/11/art00008","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029177538.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029177538.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590100107","https://openalex.org/W1831674524","https://openalex.org/W1971251683","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2042953164","https://openalex.org/W2107309161","https://openalex.org/W2139196511","https://openalex.org/W2296223591","https://openalex.org/W2441504732","https://openalex.org/W2574742418","https://openalex.org/W2743391672","https://openalex.org/W2802295602","https://openalex.org/W2911721666","https://openalex.org/W2914496424","https://openalex.org/W3098677709","https://openalex.org/W3106262690","https://openalex.org/W4211165038","https://openalex.org/W4236120890","https://openalex.org/W4294540998","https://openalex.org/W6786507698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350593162","https://openalex.org/W2390350206","https://openalex.org/W1969477129","https://openalex.org/W2921208823","https://openalex.org/W2131808775","https://openalex.org/W2353483812","https://openalex.org/W2360756181","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1,45],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,48,60,83,105],"different":[4,15,28,64],"terminology":[5],"used":[6,17],"for":[7,18],"defining":[8],"gaze":[9,29,61],"tracking":[10,30,94],"technology":[11],"and":[12,35,37,80,93,99],"explores":[13],"methodologies":[16],"describing":[19],"their":[20],"respective":[21],"accuracy.":[22],"Through":[23],"a":[24,39,74],"comparative":[25],"study":[26],"of":[27,41,56,63,85],"technologies,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,68],"infrared":[34],"webcam-based,":[36],"utilising":[38],"variety":[40],"accuracy":[42,50,78,87,91],"metrics,":[43],"this":[44],"shows":[46],"how":[47],"reported":[49],"can":[51],"be":[52],"misleading.":[53],"The":[54],"lack":[55],"intersection":[57],"points":[58],"between":[59],"vectors":[62],"eyes":[65],"(also":[66],"known":[67],"convergence":[69],"points)":[70],"in":[71,107],"definitions":[72,95],"has":[73],"huge":[75],"impact":[76],"on":[77],"measures":[79],"directly":[81],"impacts":[82],"robustness":[84],"any":[86],"measuring":[88],"methodology.":[89],"Different":[90],"metrics":[92],"have":[96],"been":[97],"collected":[98],"tabulated":[100],"to":[101],"more":[102],"formally":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"divide":[106],"definitions.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
