{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976652572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","title":"A range-gated CMOS SPAD array for real-time 3D range imaging","display_name":"A range-gated CMOS SPAD array for real-time 3D range imaging","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976652572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","mag":"2976652572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/31/9/art00002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/31/9/art00002","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088320488","display_name":"Henna Ruokamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-4287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Henna Ruokamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063655527","display_name":"Lauri Hallman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-0189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauri Hallman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041576376","display_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088320488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08400078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"9","first_page":"357","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6984654664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5917674899101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5801064968109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.5622386932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5090789198875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-flight","display_name":"Time of flight","score":0.49405816197395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gating","display_name":"Gating","score":0.4794694185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44389939308166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.44277602434158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4330926537513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.414450466632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.382228821516037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3168787360191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3008852005004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.2040044367313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1616387963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14504167437553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.14254596829414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09752267599105835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6984654664993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5917674899101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5801064968109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.5622386932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5090789198875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98960154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983322","display_name":"Time of flight","level":2,"score":0.49405816197395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194544171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21105679","display_name":"Gating","level":2,"score":0.4794694185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44389939308166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.44277602434158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4330926537513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.414450466632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.382228821516037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3168787360191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3008852005004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2040044367313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1616387963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14504167437553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.14254596829414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09752267599105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/31/9/art00002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2020110589372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020110589372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.9.imse-357","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/31/9/art00002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976652572.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976652572.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004851417","https://openalex.org/W2292286909","https://openalex.org/W2470080362","https://openalex.org/W2573947452","https://openalex.org/W2758743272","https://openalex.org/W2785900440","https://openalex.org/W6651653709","https://openalex.org/W6720574347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321608193","https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W2466718138","https://openalex.org/W2347245756","https://openalex.org/W2351312630","https://openalex.org/W2028671992","https://openalex.org/W2142311551","https://openalex.org/W2096185181","https://openalex.org/W2091974750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"range":[1,84],"image":[2],"of":[3,50,68,78,85,105,126,138],"a":[4,9,20,31,62,151],"scene":[5,140],"is":[6,36,72],"produced":[7],"with":[8,93,107,141],"solid-state":[10],"time":[11,41,110,124,148],"of-":[12],"flight":[13],"system":[14],"that":[15,117],"uses":[16],"active":[17],"illumination":[18],"and":[19,46,149],"time-gated":[21,143],"single":[22],"photon":[23],"avalanche":[24],"diode":[25],"(SPAD)":[26],"array.":[27],"The":[28],"distance":[29],"to":[30,82,90,121,134],"target":[32],"from":[33],"the":[34,40,48,51,66,76,79,83,98,123,127,131,139,142],"imager":[35],"measured":[37],"by":[38,74],"delaying":[39],"gate":[42],"in":[43,53,57,95,130,146],"small":[44],"steps":[45,70],"counting":[47],"photons":[49],"pixels":[52,106],"each":[54],"delay":[55,69],"step":[56],"successive":[58],"measurements.":[59],"To":[60,87],"achieve":[61,135],"high":[63],"frame":[64,154],"rate,":[65],"number":[67],"needed":[71],"minimized":[73],"limiting":[75],"scanning":[77],"depth":[80,136],"only":[81],"interest.":[86],"be":[88,119],"able":[89],"measure":[91],"scenes":[92],"objects":[94],"different":[96],"ranges,":[97],"array":[99,133,145],"has":[100],"been":[101],"divided":[102],"into":[103],"groups":[104,129],"independently":[108],"controlled":[109],"gating.":[111],"This":[112],"paper":[113],"demonstrates":[114],"an":[115],"algorithm":[116],"can":[118],"used":[120],"control":[122],"gating":[125],"pixel":[128],"sensor":[132],"maps":[137],"SPAD":[144],"real":[147],"at":[150],"70":[152],"Hz":[153],"rate.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}