{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320917564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","title":"Facial expression recognition using visual transformer with histogram of oriented gradients","display_name":"Facial expression recognition using visual transformer with histogram of oriented gradients","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320917564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/35/9/IPAS-291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/35/9/IPAS-291","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412976","display_name":"Jieun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-6387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101341","display_name":"Keimyung College University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4vtd10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341","https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084555924","display_name":"Ju o Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101341","display_name":"Keimyung College University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4vtd10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju o Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341","https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070504119","display_name":"Seungwan Je","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101341","display_name":"Keimyung College University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4vtd10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungwan Je","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341","https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002832509","display_name":"Deokwoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101341","display_name":"Keimyung College University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4vtd10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deokwoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering , Keimyung University , Daegu , South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101341","https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01078438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"9","first_page":"291","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sadness","display_name":"Sadness","score":0.8436129689216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"Disgust","score":0.8348077535629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7085035443305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6602519154548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5587993860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anger","display_name":"Anger","score":0.5168024301528931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5154298543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.5047475099563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.5004665851593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4872371256351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4726768136024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-expression","display_name":"Emotional expression","score":0.450188010931015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/happiness","display_name":"Happiness","score":0.44082891941070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37030500173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34242379665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3266388177871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.24079886078834534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.18757495284080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08516901731491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.06460332870483398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251","display_name":"Sadness","level":3,"score":0.8436129689216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.8348077535629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7085035443305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6602519154548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5587993860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.5168024301528931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5154298543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.5047475099563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.5004665851593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4872371256351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4726768136024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.450188010931015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8","display_name":"Happiness","level":2,"score":0.44082891941070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37030500173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34242379665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3266388177871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.24079886078834534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.18757495284080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08516901731491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.06460332870483398}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/35/9/IPAS-291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/ei.2023.35.9.ipas-291","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/35/9/IPAS-291","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320917564.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320917564.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238520549","https://openalex.org/W3216173459","https://openalex.org/W2794357331","https://openalex.org/W4242611441","https://openalex.org/W4242034606","https://openalex.org/W4250499761","https://openalex.org/W2037174948","https://openalex.org/W2071993326","https://openalex.org/W346645540","https://openalex.org/W2119012436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotions":[0],"play":[1],"an":[2],"important":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,130],"our":[6,12],"life":[7],"as":[8,99,143],"a":[9,54,160,165],"response":[10],"to":[11,37,104,118,139,182],"interactions":[13],"with":[14],"others,":[15],"decisions,":[16],"and":[17,32,41,43,84,95,146,148,168,174],"so":[18,56],"on.":[19],"Among":[20],"various":[21],"emotional":[22,59],"signals,":[23],"facial":[24,57,120,153,188],"expression":[25,66,121],"is":[26,61,115,134],"one":[27],"of":[28,48,89,111,162,177],"the":[29,46,87,109,184],"most":[30],"powerful":[31],"natural":[33],"means":[34],"for":[35],"humans":[36],"convey":[38],"their":[39],"emotions":[40],"intentions,":[42],"it":[44,114,133],"has":[45],"advantage":[47],"easily":[49],"obtaining":[50],"information":[51],"using":[52,123,175],"only":[53],"camera,":[55],"expression-based":[58],"research":[60],"being":[62],"actively":[63],"conducted.":[64],"Facial":[65,106],"recognition(FER)":[67],"have":[68],"been":[69],"studied":[70],"by":[71],"classifying":[72],"them":[73],"into":[74],"seven":[75],"basic":[76],"emotions:":[77],"anger,":[78],"disgust,":[79],"fear,":[80],"happiness,":[81],"sadness,":[82],"surprise,":[83],"normal.":[85],"Before":[86],"appearance":[88],"deep":[90,112],"learning,":[91,113],"handcrafted":[92],"feature":[93,124],"extractors":[94],"simple":[96],"classifiers":[97],"such":[98,142],"SVM,":[100],"Adaboost":[101],"was":[102],"used":[103],"extracted":[105],"emotion.":[107],"With":[108],"advent":[110],"now":[116],"possible":[117],"extract":[119],"without":[122],"extractors.":[125],"Despite":[126],"its":[127],"excellent":[128],"performance":[129],"FER":[131],"research,":[132],"still":[135],"challenging":[136],"task":[137],"due":[138],"external":[140],"factors":[141],"occlusion,":[144],"illumination,":[145],"pose,":[147],"similarity":[149,185],"problems":[150],"between":[151,187],"different":[152],"expressions.":[154,189],"In":[155],"this":[156],"paper,":[157],"we":[158],"propose":[159],"method":[161],"training":[163],"through":[164],"ResNet":[166],"[1]":[167],"Visual":[169],"Transformer":[170],"[2]":[171],"called":[172],"FViT":[173],"Histogram":[176],"Oriented":[178],"Gradients(HOGs)":[179],"[3]":[180],"data":[181],"solve":[183],"problem":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}